. 2023 Apr 3;11:1115978. doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1115978

Table 6.

The prevalence and severity of caries in children whose mothers smoked vs. did not smoke during pregnancy and postnatally; Regression coefficients and adjusted regression coefficients (confounders: education, age, economic status, exclusive bottle feeding, number of meals, avoiding springy foods, and the age of tooth brushing initiation) based on Poisson regression model where dependent variable was d_1,2dmfs.

	Prevalence of ECC (d_1,2dmfs >0)	Regression coefficient (p-value)	Adjusted regression coefficient (p-value)	d_1,2dmfs	p
12–18 months
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatally
Yes	1/3 (33.3%)	0.64 (0.129)	0.14 (0.751)	2.00 ± 3.46	0.603
No	19/102 (18.6%)	0.64 (0.129)	0.14 (0.751)	1.06 ± 3.07	0.603
Maternal smoking postnatally, but not during pregnancy
Yes	5/19 (26.3%)	0.24 (0.289)	0.22 (0.371)	1.32 ± 2.58	0.720
No	15/86 (17.4%)	0.24 (0.289)	0.22 (0.371)	1.03 ± 3.18	0.720
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and/or postnatally
Yes	6/22 (27.3%)	0.34 (0.103)	0.22 (0.330)	1.41 ± 2.63	0.581
No	14/83 (16.9%)	0.34 (0.103)	0.22 (0.330)	1.00 ± 3.19	0.581
19–24 months
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatally
Yes	4/7 (57.1%)	0.64 (<0.001)	0.46 (0.006)	6.86 ± 8.97	0.201
No	52/122 (42.6%)	0.64 (<0.001)	0.46 (0.006)	3.62 ± 6.46	0.201
Maternal smoking postnatally, but not during pregnancy
Yes	13/18 (72.2%)	0.97 (<0.001)	0.35 (0.002)	3.09 ± 10.07	0.002
No	43/111 (38.7%)	0.97 (<0.001)	0.35 (0.002)	8.17 ± 5.62	0.002
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and/or postnatally
Yes	17/25 (60.2%)	1.01 (<0.001)	0.52 (<0.001)	7.80 ± 9.60	<0.001
No	39/104 (37.5%)	1.01 (<0.001)	0.52 (<0.001)	2.84 ± 5.30	<0.001
25–30 months
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatally
Yes	18/19 (94.7%)	1.30 (<0.001)	0.39 (<0.001)	13.37 ± 11.77	<0.001
No	57/114 (50.0%)	1.30 (<0.001)	0.39 (<0.001)	3.63 ± 5.83	<0.001
Maternal smoking postnatally, but not during pregnancy
Yes	10/19 (52.6%)	−0.21 (0.070)	0.02 (0.854)	4.16 ± 5.04	0.056
No	65/114 (57.0%)	−0.21 (0.070)	0.02 (0.854)	5.17 ± 8.09	0.056
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and/or postnatally
Yes	28/38 (60.2%)	0.91 (<0.001)	0.29 (0.002)	8.76 ± 10.08	<0.001
No	47/95 (49.5%)	0.91 (<0.001)	0.29 (0.002)	3.53 ± 5.99	<0.001
31–36 months
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatally
Yes	7/15 (46.7%)	0.19 (0.043)	−0.07 (0.500)	8.60 ± 14.86	0.649
No	70/114 (61.4%)	0.19 (0.043)	−0.07 (0.500)	7.10 ± 11.61	0.649
Maternal smoking postnatally, but not during pregnancy
Yes	16/23 (69.6%)	0.50 (<0.001)	−0.06 (0.508)	10.78 ± 5.04	0.121
No	61/106 (57.5%)	0.50 (<0.001)	−0.06 (0.508)	6.51 ± 8.09	0.121
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and/or postnatally
Yes	23/38 (60.2%)	0.48 (<0.001)	−0.08 (0.310)	9.92 ± 14.83	0.105
No	54/91 (59.3%)	0.48 (<0.001)	−0.08 (0.310)	6.16 ± 10.45	0.105

*Statistical significance level p < 0.05.