Table 1.

Condition variables and outcome of interest

Measure	Description	Question used to operationalize this measure
Conditions
DIG	Domestic disinformation by government	“How often do the government and its agents use social media to disseminate misleading viewpoints or false information to influence its own population?” (Coppedge et al., 2022, p. 319)
DIP	Domestic disinformation by political parties	“How often do major political parties and candidates for office use social media to disseminate misleading viewpoints or false information to influence their own population?” (Coppedge et al., 2022, p. 320)
DIF	Disinformation by foreign governments	“How routinely do foreign governments and their agents use social media to disseminate misleading viewpoints or false information to influence domestic politics in this country?” (Coppedge et al., 2022, p. 321)
HAT	Hate speech by political parties	“How often do major political parties use hate speech as part of their rhetoric?” (Coppedge et al., 2022, p. 334)
CIE	Efforts towards censorship of internet	“Does the government attempt to censor information (text, audio, or visuals) on the Internet?” (Coppedge et al., 2022, p. 202)
GSM	Monitoring of social media by the government	“How comprehensive is the surveillance of political content in social media by the government or its agents?” (Coppedge et al., 2022, p. 324)
Outcome of interest
POL	Polarization in society	“Is society polarized into antagonistic, political camps?” (Coppedge et al., 2022, p. 227)