Table 3.
Results from the contrarian case analysis
| POL | POL | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||
| GSM (phi = 0.467, p < 0.05) | 1 | 16 (9.04%) | 5 (2.82%) | 7 (3.95%) | 4 (2.26%) | 3 (1.69%) | CIE (phi = 0.422, p < 0.05) | 1 | 15 (8.47%) | 6 (3.39%) | 4 (2.26%) | 7 (3.95%) | 3 (1.69%) |
| 2 | 4 (2.26%) | 11 (6.21%) | 10 (5.65%) | 5 (2.82%) | 6 (3.39%) | 2 | 6 (3.39%) | 7 (3.95%) | 9 (5.08%) | 9 (5.08%) | 5 (2.82%) | ||
| 3 | 2 (1.13%) | 9 (5.08%) | 7 (3.95%) | 7 (3.95%) | 10 (5.65%) | 3 | 2 (1.13%) | 12 (6.78%) | 9 (5.08%) | 4 (2.26%) | 8 (4.52%) | ||
| 4 | 3 (1.69%) | 9 (5.08%) | 7 (3.95%) | 10 (5.65%) | 7 (3.95%) | 4 | 5 (2.82%) | 4 (2.26%) | 8 (4.52%) | 11 (6.21%) | 8 (4.52%) | ||
| 5 | 10 (5.65%) | 2 (1.13%) | 4 (2.26%) | 10 (5.65%) | 9 (5.08%) | 5 | 7 (3.95%) | 7 (3.95%) | 5 (2.82%) | 5 (2.82%) | 11 (6.21%) | ||
| DIG (phi = 0.534, p < 0.001) | 1 | 16 (9.04%) | 8 (4.52%) | 8 (4.52%) | 3 (1.69%) | 0 (0%) | DIP (phi = 0.589, p < 0.001) | 1 | 17 (9.6%) | 7 (3.95%) | 8 (4.52%) | 2 (1.13%) | 1 (0.56%) |
| 2 | 5 (2.82%) | 11 (6.21%) | 12 (6.78%) | 4 (2.26%) | 4 (2.26%) | 2 | 9 (5.08%) | 11 (6.21%) | 10 (5.65%) | 2 (1.13%) | 4 (2.26%) | ||
| 3 | 6 (3.39%) | 4 (2.26%) | 7 (3.95%) | 12 (6.78%) | 6 (3.39%) | 3 | 5 (2.82%) | 5 (2.82%) | 11 (6.21%) | 8 (4.52%) | 7 (3.95%) | ||
| 4 | 3 (1.69%) | 8 (4.52%) | 4 (2.26%) | 9 (5.08%) | 12 (6.78%) | 4 | 2 (1.13%) | 8 (4.52%) | 2 (1.13%) | 11 (6.21%) | 12 (6.78%) | ||
| 5 | 5 (2.82%) | 5 (2.82%) | 4 (2.26%) | 8 (4.52%) | 13 (7.34%) | 5 | 2 (1.13%) | 5 (2.82%) | 4 (2.26%) | 13 (7.34%) | 11 (6.21%) | ||
| HAT (phi = 0.766, p < 0.001) | 1 | 23 (12.99%) | 9 (5.08%) | 2 (1.13%) | 1 (0.56%) | 0 (0%) | DIF (phi = 0.408, p < 0.05) | 1 | 10 (5.65%) | 11 (6.21%) | 6 (3.39%) | 5 (2.82%) | 3 (1.69%) |
| 2 | 7 (3.95%) | 11 (6.21%) | 10 (5.65%) | 6 (3.39%) | 2 (1.13%) | 2 | 6 (3.39%) | 6 (3.39%) | 10 (5.65%) | 7 (3.95%) | 7 (3.95%) | ||
| 3 | 2 (1.13%) | 6 (3.39%) | 13 (7.34%) | 8 (4.52%) | 6 (3.39%) | 3 | 6 (3.39%) | 8 (4.52%) | 10 (5.65%) | 7 (3.95%) | 4 (2.26%) | ||
| 4 | 2 (1.13%) | 8 (4.52%) | 7 (3.95%) | 7 (3.95%) | 12 (6.78%) | 4 | 5 (2.82%) | 8 (4.52%) | 8 (4.52%) | 9 (5.08%) | 6 (3.39%) | ||
| 5 | 1 (0.56%) | 2 (1.13%) | 3 (1.69%) | 14 (7.91%) | 15 (8.47%) | 5 | 8 (4.52%) | 3 (1.69%) | 1 (0.56%) | 8 (4.52%) | 15 (8.47%) | ||
Cases in bold represent contrarian cases. Cases in italics represent the main effect. DIG Government’s dissemination of disinformation (domestic), DIP Political parties’ dissemination of disinformation (domestic), DIF Disinformation by foreign governments, HAT Hate speech by political parties, GSM Monitoring of social media by the government, CIE Efforts towards censorship of internet, POL Polarization of society