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(a‐left) Electro‐osmotic flow and diode propulsion via DC fields; (a‐right) Electro‐osmotic actuation and motion of LED diodes. Adapted from Ref. [48]. (b) Mobility by bipolar electrochemical water splitting. Adapted from Ref. [50]. (c) Scanning electron micrograph of polystyrene (PS)‐Au ellipsoids and propulsion trajectories by E fields based on Au surface coverage. Reproduced from Ref. [24] under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.
