Variable	Definition	Source
Government financing as % of THE	“Participation is automatic: For all citizens/residents; or a specific group of the population (e.g., the poor) defined by law/government regulation.”	WHO GHED (WHO, 2019), based on OECD SHA. Definition is quoted from OECD SHA (World Bank, 2019a).
SHI as % of THE	“Participation is mandatory: For all citizens/residents; or a specific group of the population defined by law/government regulation. In some cases, however, the enrollment requires actions to be taken by the eligible persons.”
OOP expenditures as % of THE	“Participation is voluntary: Willingness to pay of the household.”
Immunization coverage	Average of immunization coverage for measles, DPT and hepatitis	World Bank WDI
Life expectancy	Life expectancy at birth	World Bank WDI
Maternal mortality	Maternal mortality ratio, modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births	World Bank WDI
Under‐5 mortality	Under‐five mortality rate (death per 1000 live births)	World Bank WDI
Catastrophic health expenditure	Catastrophic health expenditure incidence (% population), at the 10% threshold	World Bank HEFPI
GDP per capita	GDP per capita, current, international US$, PPP	World Bank WDI
Primary school enrollment (gross, %)	Primary school enrollment (gross, % of population)	World Bank WDI
Urbanization rate	% Population in urban areas	World Bank WDI
Drinking water access	% Population with drinking water access	World Bank WDI
Demographics: population below 14	% population below 14	World Bank WDI
Demographics: population above 65	% population above 65	World Bank WDI
Government effectiveness	“Government effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies”	World Bank WGI, definition quoted from https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/Home/downLoadFile?fileName=ge.pdf
Corruption control	“Control of corruption captures perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as "capture” of the state by elites and private interests.”	World Bank WGI, definition quoted from: https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/Home/downLoadFile?fileName=cc.pdf