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. 2022 Dec 8;32(3):574–619. doi: 10.1002/hec.4635
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Log THE per capita Imm, index LE Log U5M Log MM CHE10
Variables FE FE FE FE FE FE
Predominant government financing 0.043 3.804 1.341** −0.083** −0.040 −3.256***
(0.041) (2.921) (0.579) (0.036) (0.040) (0.931)
Predominant SHI 0.117*** −1.486 −0.128 0.051 0.034 6.467***
(0.035) (1.606) (0.395) (0.037) (0.067) (1.129)
Log GDP per capita (PPP) 0.698*** 3.591 1.038 −0.315*** −0.515*** 1.230
(0.093) (3.776) (0.643) (0.097) (0.178) (2.073)
Corruption control 0.099** 3.783* −0.087 −0.058 0.029 2.662**
(0.041) (2.225) (0.577) (0.043) (0.079) (1.140)
Government effectiveness 0.030 −1.636 0.125 −0.088** −0.041 1.968
(0.044) (1.874) (0.350) (0.038) (0.068) (2.521)
% of population above 65 0.000 −0.389 −0.263* 0.022* 0.049 −0.020
(0.019) (0.954) (0.156) (0.013) (0.035) (0.453)
% population below 14 −0.017* 0.645** 0.335*** −0.029*** −0.035** 0.224
(0.009) (0.321) (0.074) (0.008) (0.016) (0.235)
Urbanization (%) −0.009 0.364** 0.073 0.003 0.005 0.175
(0.006) (0.164) (0.055) (0.006) (0.013) (0.176)
Access to drinking water (% population) −0.003 0.474 0.150*** −0.007 0.002 0.074
(0.005) (0.298) (0.042) (0.004) (0.012) (0.080)
Enrollment to primary school (gross, % population −0.002 0.035 0.019 0.002 −0.001 −0.080*
(0.002) (0.075) (0.017) (0.001) (0.002) (0.040)
Gini index 0.005 0.259* −0.009 0.004 0.006 0.018
(0.004) (0.152) (0.035) (0.003) (0.004) (0.099)
Country FE YES YES YES YES YES YES
Year FE YES YES YES YES YES YES
Adjusted R2 0.869 0.177 0.752 0.879 0.646 0.224
Observations 950 970 970 970 970 407
Number of countries 124 124 124 124 124 111

Notes: FE estimates are the result of Equation (1). Robust SEs, clustered at country‐level, in parentheses. Details on HFS switches are detailed in Appendix 3. All models control for all variables listed as “control” in Table 2. p‐values for two‐sided t‐tests are reported as: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.

Source: Author elaboration.