| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ln THE | Imm Idx | LE | ln U5M | ln MM | CAT 10% | Ln THE | Imm Idx | LE | ln U5M | ln MM | CAT 10% | Ln THE | Imm Idx | LE | ln U5M | ln MM | CAT 10% | |
| FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | |
| HFS group → variables ↓ | GOV group | GOV group | GOV group | GOV group | GOV group | GOV group | OOP group | OOP group | OOP group | OOP group | OOP group | OOP group | SHI group | SHI group | SHI group | SHI group | SHI group | SHI group |
| Government financing % | −0.002 | 0.000 | 0.049 | −0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001* | −0.001 | 0.001 | −0.018 | 0.003 | −0.004 | −0.003* | 0.003 | 0.001 | −0.034** | 0.001 | 0.005 | −0.001 |
| (0.006) | (0.001) | (0.051) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.001) | (0.004) | (0.002) | (0.025) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.001) | (0.013) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.002) | |
| SHI financing % | −0.005 | 0.004 | 0.151 | 0.009 | 0.019* | −0.000 | 0.012*** | −0.001 | −0.007 | 0.005 | −0.004 | −0.001 | −0.002 | −0.001 | −0.014 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| (0.013) | (0.002) | (0.093) | (0.007) | (0.011) | (0.002) | (0.004) | (0.002) | (0.026) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.011) | (0.002) | (0.005) | (0.000) | |
| OOP financing % | −0.003 | 0.001 | 0.030 | −0.001 | −0.006 | 0.002*** | −0.000 | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.005* | −0.003 | −0.002 | 0.002 | −0.000 | 0.021 | −0.001 | 0.011 | 0.001 |
| (0.006) | (0.002) | (0.051) | (0.003) | (0.008) | (0.001) | (0.004) | (0.002) | (0.022) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.015) | (0.003) | (0.007) | (0.001) | |
| Observations | 265 | 271 | 271 | 271 | 271 | 116 | 398 | 407 | 407 | 407 | 407 | 193 | 287 | 292 | 292 | 292 | 292 | 98 |
| R‐squared | 0.875 | 0.145 | 0.811 | 0.940 | 0.842 | 0.528 | 0.875 | 0.359 | 0.816 | 0.922 | 0.733 | 0.404 | 0.959 | 0.281 | 0.925 | 0.873 | 0.745 | 0.400 |
| Number of ID | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 39 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 60 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 23 |
| Country FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Year FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Adjusted R^2 | 0.861 | 0.0417 | 0.788 | 0.933 | 0.823 | 0.376 | 0.865 | 0.310 | 0.802 | 0.916 | 0.713 | 0.302 | 0.954 | 0.202 | 0.917 | 0.859 | 0.716 | 0.168 |
| (19) | (20) | (21) | (22) | (23 | (24) | (25) | (26) | (27) | (28) | (29) | (30) | (31) | (32) | (33) | (34) | (35) | (36) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ln THE | Imm Idx | LE | ln U5M | ln MM | CAT 10% | Ln THE | Imm Idx | LE | ln U5M | ln MM | CAT 10% | Ln THE | Imm Idx | LE | ln U5M | ln MM | CAT 10% | |
| FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | |
| Variables | GOV group | GOV group | GOV group | GOV group | GOV group | GOV group | OOP group | OOP group | OOP group | OOP group | OOP group | OOP group | CHI group | CHI group | CHI group | CHI group | CHI group | CHI group |
| Government financing % | 0.000 | −0.001 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.000 | ||||||||||||
| (0.003) | (0.001) | (0.035) | (0.002) | (0.004) | (0.000) | |||||||||||||
| SHI financing % | −0.003 | −0.001 | −0.008 | −0.000 | −0.001 | 0.000 | ||||||||||||
| (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.009) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.000) | |||||||||||||
| OOP financing % | −0.003 | 0.001 | 0.022 | 0.002 | 0.000 | −0.000 | ||||||||||||
| (0.003) | (0.001) | (0.016) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) | |||||||||||||
| Observations | 265 | 271 | 271 | 271 | 271 | 116 | 287 | 292 | 292 | 292 | 292 | 98 | 398 | 407 | 407 | 407 | 407 | 193 |
| R‐squared | 0.875 | 0.142 | 0.808 | 0.939 | 0.835 | 0.418 | 0.958 | 0.280 | 0.918 | 0.873 | 0.733 | 0.379 | 0.858 | 0.353 | 0.815 | 0.920 | 0.730 | 0.337 |
| Number of ID | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 39 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 23 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 60 |
| Country FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Year FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Adjusted R^2 | 0.861 | 0.0463 | 0.787 | 0.932 | 0.817 | 0.248 | 0.954 | 0.207 | 0.910 | 0.860 | 0.705 | 0.163 | 0.848 | 0.307 | 0.802 | 0.914 | 0.710 | 0.233 |
Notes: this table present the results of the fixed effects (FE) Equation (1), restricting the sample to the sub‐group of “countries within the government‐, SHI‐ or OOP‐predominant group”. All the controls variables and FE (time and country FE) used in the main models are also used here. The independent variable of interest is the percentage of THE channelled via government schemes, SHI schemes and OOP schemes. In the first table, all three percentages have been used. In the second table, only the percentage of THE channelled via OOP schemes has been used for the OOP‐predominant group, the percentage of THE channelled via SHI schemes for the SHI‐predominant group, and the percentage of THE channelled via government schemes for the government‐predominant group.
Source: Author elaboration. Datasets discussed in Section 4.