Figure 4. Adenosine A_2ARs regulate volitional motivation.

A, blockade of adenosine A_2ARs enhanced motivation in volitional control (n = 12: KW6002 group = 6 and vehicle group = 6). The breakpoint distribution of Calcium PTE testing in individual mice for the KW6002 (blue) and vehicle‐treated groups (red) (A). B, blockade of adenosine A_2ARs improved the breakpoint in Calcium PTE (B; Mann‐Whitney U test, P = 0.009). C, the mean calcium fluorescence signal change in M1 neurons before (+5 s) and after (+5 s) the reward delivery (0) for Calcium PTE in KW6002 (purple) and vehicle‐treated groups (red). D–F, calcium PTH under the same conditions as A–C (E; unpaired t test, P = 0.004, t = 3.699, df = 10). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]