Table 1.
Demographic and imaging differences between individuals without history of depression, individuals with active unipolar depressive disorder, and individuals with history of depression that was in remission at time of study.
| Full sample (n = 254) | No depression (n = 174) | Current depression (n = 36) | Past depression (n = 44) | Test-statistic | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 41.6 ± 14.9 | 41.6 ± 15.4 | 40.9 ± 15.3 | 42.2 ± 12.9 | F = .08 | .98 |
| Sex (M/F), (%M) | 99/155 (39.0%) | 79/95 (45.4%) | 10/26 (27.8%) | 10/34 (22.7%) | χ2 = 9.80 | .007 |
| Current smoker, n | 21 (8.3%) | 16 (9.2%) | 3 (8.3%) | 2 (4.5%) | χ2 = 1.00 | .61 |
| On antidepressant, n (%) | 38 (15.0%) | 6 (3.4%)a | 20 (55.6%) | 12 (27.3%) | χ2 = 70.0 | <.001 |
| – SSRI | 24 (9.4%) | 5 (2.9%) | 13 (36.1%) | 6 (13.6%) | ||
| – SNRI | 6 (2.4%) | 1 (0.6%) | 3 (8.3%) | 2 (4.5%) | ||
| – tricyclic | 1 (0.4%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.3%) | ||
| – multiple | 6 (2.4) | 0 | 3 (8.3%) | 3 (6.8%) | ||
| BDI | 4.1 ± 4.3 | 14.5 ± 8.1 | 6.5 ± 6.1 | F = 54.0b | <.001 | |
| MTSD-State | 0.12 ± 0.18 | 0.84 ± 0.73 | 0.18 ± 0.28 | F = 67.5b | <.001 | |
| MTSD-Trait | 0.30 ± 0.37 | 1.25 ± 0.61 | 1.01 ± 0.79 | F = 68.4b | <.001 | |
| Stressful life events | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 3.7 ± 2.0 | 3.5 ± 1.9 | F = 4.66b | .010 | |
| Total CBF | 55.4 ± 9.8 | 53.2 ± 10.0 | 57.7 ± 11.3 | F = 3.45b | .032 | |
| Average GM CBF | 59.1 ± 10.6 | 56.7 ± 10.9 | 61.5 ± 12.3 | F = 3.49b | .032 | |
| Average WM CBF | 23.2 ± 4.6 | 22.1 ± 4.1 | 23.8 ± 4.0 | F = 2.25b | .11 |
Variance provided as standard deviation. BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; MTSD: Maryland Trait and State Depression scales; CBF: cerebral blood flow.
aTaking antidepressants for anxiety disorders in remission at time of study.
bAge, sex and smoking status included as covariates.