Table 1.

Orthopoxvirus serological assays and applications

Assay	Complexity	Scalability	Application			References
			Assess recent versus distant infection	Differentiate natural infection versus immunization	Assessment of humoral immunity
IFA	++	+++	Yes	No	No	[55]
ELISA	+	++++	Yes	No	No	[56]
Post‐adsorption ELISA	++	+++	Yes	Yes	No	[57]
Peptide‐based ELISA (IgG)	++	+	No	Yes	No	[58]
Neutralization assay	+++	+	No	No	Yes	[59]
HAI	+	+++	Yes	No	No	[60]
Postadsorption gel precipitation	++	++	No	Yes	No	[61]
Complement fixation	+	+++	Yes	No	No	[54]
Postadsorption raiodimmunoassay	++	++	No	Yes	No	[62]
Western blot	++	+	No	Yes	No	[57]
Cross neutralization	++	++	No	Yes	Yes	[63]

Abbreviations: ELISA, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; HAI, hemagglutination inhibition assay; IFA, immunofluorescence assay.