FIGURE 2.

Results on overall meta‐analytic mean from multi‐level meta‐analytic models: (a) violin plot showing the distribution of median bias in the estimated effect under each simulated condition as a function of the method used to handle missing data (distribution assuming full data shown for reference). (b) Pairwise correlations between the degree of bias under each simulated condition for each method. (c) Distribution of the difference between the missing‐cases and all‐cases methods in the absolute degree of bias under each condition (positive values indicate greater median bias under the missing‐cases method). (d) Violin plot showing the distribution of range bias (log₁₀ transformed) in the estimated effect under each simulated condition as a function of the method used to handle missing data. (e) Violin plot showing the distribution of range bias (log₁₀ transformed) in the estimated effect using the all‐cases method under each simulated condition as a function of the degree of heterogeneity in SDs among studies under two different (within‐)study sample size conditions. Our plots were drawn using the R package ggplot2 (Wickham, 2009).