Gradin 2004.

Methods	Randomised controlled trial I. Masking of randomisation ‐ low risk II. Masking of intervention ‐ low risk III. Masking of outcome assessment ‐ low risk IV. Completeness of follow‐up ‐ high risk
Participants	120 full‐term infants at 3 to 5 days of age undergoing venepuncture for metabolic screening Exclusion criteria: feeding problems or suspicion of illness Group 1: 27 neonates Mean (range) GA ‐ 39.4 (37 to 42) weeks Mean (range) BW ‐ 3638 (2325 to 4425) grams Group 2: 29 neonates Mean (range) GA ‐ 39.5 (37 to 42) weeks Mean (range) BW ‐ 3637 (2700 to 4830) grams Group 3: 26 neonates Mean (range) GA ‐ 39.4 (37 to 42) weeks Mean (range) BW ‐ 3442 (2185 to 4560) grams Group 4: 29 neonates Mean (range) GA ‐ 39.4 (37 to 42) weeks Mean (range) BW ‐ 3660 (3025 to 4950) grams
Interventions	Group 1: Breastfeeding and 1 ml sterile water Group 2: Breastfeeding and 1 ml 30% glucose Group 3: Fasting and 1 ml sterile water Group 4: Fasting and 1 ml 30% glucose For breastfed group, breastfeeding was allowed for as long as the infant wanted within 45 minutes prior to blood sampling For the fasting group, blood sampling performed at least 2 hours after the last feed Venepuncture was done 1 minute after giving 30% glucose or sterile water
Outcomes	PIPP Visual Analogue Scale Median crying time
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Adequate
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Masking was done by blinding the observer as to the assignments to study groups
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Some infants had to be excluded from the analysis because of missing data (problems with video tapes)
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All patients were accounted for
Other bias	Unclear risk	Protocol not available to compare