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. 2023 Apr 17;11:41. doi: 10.1186/s40364-023-00478-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Feasible strategies for the improvement of T cell antitumor function. A Engineer T cell signals. Signal 1: edit TCR genes or make TCR and CD8 αβ co-expression. Signal 2: join CD28 to CD3ζ combined with 4-1BB or OX40 to enhance activation signals, construct the chimeric switch receptor (e. g., CD28 linked to PD-1,CTLA-4 and TIGHT) to reverse inhibitory signals. Signal 3: modify cytokine receptors (e. g., IL-2 orthogonal receptor) and increase the expression of autologous or heterologous cytokines or chemokines. B Produce multiple-function T cells: optimize CARs, secrete cytokines and enzymes, release extracellular vesicles containing RNAs, express multiple chemokine receptors, and modify immunosuppressive signal receptors. C Universal strategies to restore and increase the expression of MHC (inducing IFNγ production, using epigenetic silence or autophagy inhibitors (a)) and MICA/B (anti-MICA/B antibody (b))