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. 2023 Apr 17;11:41. doi: 10.1186/s40364-023-00478-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Strategies for promoting NRT cell tumor infiltration and modifying suppressive TME. A Improve tumor reactive T cell infiltration through inhibiting immunosuppressive signals, and promoting the expression of chemokines and the release of tumor specific antigens. B Eliminate the physical barrier effect of extracellular matrix(ECM) using drugs such as nab-paclitaxel. C Normalize abnormal vasculature by using VEGFR inhibitor. D Deplete immunosuppressive cells(Treg and MDSCs) and inhibit their activation signals. E Repolarize tumor-associated macrophages(TAM) from M2 towards M1. F Induce the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures(TLSs)(chemotherapy, ICIs, vaccine and stromal cell)