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. 2023 Apr 17;3:55. doi: 10.1038/s43856-023-00284-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a An example of the change in heart rate for a single participant following a siren. The x-axis represents the time and the y-axis is the heart rate of the participant in beats per minute. Dashed, black, vertical line—the time period in which the siren was heard. b Distribution of the changes in heart rate following a siren compared with the baseline value over all participants. Since each participant could experience several sirens, each participant is represented by the mean of his/her changes. The x-axis represents the mean change in heart rate value and the y-axis is the kernel density estimator (KDE). Dashed, orange, vertical line—median value of the distribution.