Table 1. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis of potential predictors for adherence to PDMC.
| Predictors | Descriptive statistics by outcome frequencies (percentages)—unless row indicated otherwise | Generalized linear model-analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor categories Included potential predictor variables | Variable categories | Non-adherence n = 108 | Full adherence n = 249 | Crude relative risk (95% CI) | Adjusted relative risk (95% CI) |
| Intervention allocation, PMC trial (Gondwe, 2021) | |||||
| PMC delivery | community-based | 40 (37.0) | 173 (69.5) | 1 | 1 |
| facility-based | 68 (63.0) | 76 (30.5) | 0.65 (0.55, 0.76)** | 0.64 (0.55, 0.76)** | |
| Characteristics of child at enrolment | |||||
| Sex | male | 60 (55.6) | 144 (57.8) | 1 | |
| female | 48 (44.4) | 105 (42.2) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.14) | ||
| Child age in months (mean, SD)* | 27.35 (13.18) | 30.14 (13.63) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | ||
| Child was stunted (Z<-2) | yes | 52 (48.2) | 92 (37.0) | 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) | |
| Child was wasted (Z<-2) | yes | 4 (3.7) | 11 (4.4) | 1.11 (0.85, 1.45) | |
| missing | 1 (0.9) | 0.00 | |||
| Child was underweight (Z<-2) | yes | 3 (2.8) | 10 (4.0) | 0.91 (0.71, 1.17) | |
| missing | 0.00 | 1 (0.3) | |||
| Height-for-age z-score (mean, SD)* | -1.85 (1.15) | -1.60 (1.60) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) | ||
| Weight-for-height z-score (mean, SD)* | -0.11 (1.05) | 0.04 (1.22) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) | ||
| Weight-for-age z-score (mean, SD)* | -1.11 (1.07) | -0.87 (1.05) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.12) | ||
| Hemoglobin level in g/dl (mean, SD)* | 8.11 (1.57) | 7.91 (1.41) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.02) | ||
| Four or more malaria infections, past year | yes | 5 (4.6) | 28 (11.2) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.96)** | 0.83 (0.71, 0.97)** |
| Hospital admission for malaria, past year | no | 100 (92.6) | 223 (89.6) | 0.84 (0.37, 1.90) | |
| Child slept under mosquito net during the past night | no | 21 (19.4) | 58 (23.3) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.15) | |
| Four or more siblings | yes | 19 (17.6) | 59 (23.7) | 0.93 (0.80, 107) | |
|
Characteristics of caregiver and
caregiving behavior at enrolment |
|||||
| Caregiver is the mother | no | 7 (6.5) | 15 (6.0) | 0.92 (0.71, 1.20) | |
| Caregiver’s age in years (mean, SD)* | 28.8 (7.79) | 29.35 (8.66) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.01) | ||
| Caregiver is a single parent | yes | 31 (28.7) | 63 (25.3) | 0.94 (0.80, 1.09) | |
| Caregiver experienced previous child death | yes | 21 (19.4) | 46 (18.5) | 1.01 (0.85, 1.20) | |
| Caregiver is illiterate | yes | 30 (27.8) | 81 (32.5) | 0.95 (0.83, 1.09) | |
| Caregiver’s highest completed education level*** | none | 10 (9.3) | 39 (15.7) | 1 | 1 |
| lower primary | 30 (27.8) | 55 (22.9) | 0.80 (0.66, 0.98)** | 0.78 (0.64, 0.95)** | |
| upper primary | 59 (54.6) | 120 (48.2) | 0.83 (0.70, 0.97)** | 0.79 (0.67, 0.92)** | |
| lower secondary, higher | 9 (8.3) | 35 (14.1) | 1.01 (0.84, 1.22) | 0.98 (0.80, 1.21) | |
| Caregiver’s religion | Christian | 86 (79.6) | 187 (75.1) | 1 | |
| other | 22 (20.4) | 62 (24.9) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.15) | ||
| Caregiver’s tribe | Chewa | 13 (12.0) | 40 (16.1) | 1 | |
| Yao | 35 (32.4) | 77 (30.9) | 0.87 (0.73, 1.04) | ||
| Lomwe | 30 (27.8) | 80 (32.1) | 0.94 (0.79, 1.11) | ||
| Nyanja | 22 (20.4) | 35 (14.1) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.06) | ||
| others | 8 (7.4) | 17 (6.8) | 0.91 (0.68, 1.23) | ||
| Caregiver has experience giving medicine to this child | no | 12 (11.1) | 24 (9.6) | 0.97 (0.76, 1.23) | |
| Household’s caregiving resources | |||||
| Number of adults in household (mean, SD)* | 2.06 (0.85) | 2.21 (0.94) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) | ||
| Caregiver could report a source of main income | no | 34 (31.5) | 76 (30.5) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.13) | |
| Distribution by socioeconomic index in quintiles*** | poorest quintile | 31 (28.7) | 59 (23.7) | 1 | 1 |
| 2nd quintile | 10 (9.3) | 50 (20.1) | 1.20 (1.01, 1.42)** | 1.23 (1.04, 1.42)** | |
| 3rd quintile | 32 (29.6) | 42 (16.9) | 0.83 (0.66, 1.05) | 0.80 (0.64, 1.01) | |
| 4th quintile | 18 (16.7) | 49 (19.7) | 1.06 (0.87, 1.29) | 1.04 (0.85, 1.26) | |
| richest quintile | 17 (15.7) | 49 (19.7) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.39) | 1.09 (0.89, 1.32) | |
| Household member owns residential home | no | 16 (14.8) | 23 (9.2) | 0.81 (0.63, 1.05) | |
| At least one Household member has a bank account | no | 102 (94.4) | 232 (93.2) | 1.06 (0.84, 1.34) | |
| do not know | 0 (0) | 2 (0.8) | |||
| Household has electricity | no | 107 (99.1) | 243 (97.6) | 0.80 (0.54, 1.18) | |
| Travel distance to clinic, straight line, in km (mean, SD)* |
19.83 (8.89) | 19.64 (9.10) | 0.99 (0.99, 1.01) | ||
| Household has water access within 10 min walk | no | 44 (40.7) | 113 (45.4) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) | |
| Source of drinking water used by the household | piped water (improved) | 17 (15.7) | 38 (15.3) | 1 | |
| pumped ground water (improved and non-improved) | 82 (75.9) | 204 (81.9) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.24) | ||
| surface water (non-improved) | 9 (8.3) | 7 (2.8) | 0.66 (0.36, 1.20) | ||
* Descriptive statistics for continuous variables were calculated using t-test.
** Predictors with p-values <0.05.
*** Multilevel variables that were significant as entire variable (p<0.05), calculated using Wald-test.