Figure 1.

Current treatment options for promoting PNR. The state-of-art of multi-modality approaches to repair or reconstruct PNI include surgical, non-surgical and physical stimulation. Surgical intervention includes all kinds of microsurgical repair, nerve graft, nerve/muscle transfer. Non-surgical approach includes pharmaceuticals, various synthetic growth factors and cell-based therapies. Physical stimulation consists of optogenetics, ultrasound, microwave, radiofrequency and electroceuticals. Biomaterial approaches include synthetic NGCs, hydrogel and controlled release drug-containing vehicles.