Table 1.

Descriptive characteristics of the included studies

Study and Year	Nation	Specimen, n	Age	Gender	Bone Mineral Density	Insertion Angle	Intervention	Outcomes	Level of Evidence	Risk of Bias
Yamauchi et al., 2022 [40]	Japan	Sawbone model, 160	N/A	N/A	1. 10-pounds/cubic foot (160 mg/cm3) 2. 5-pounds/cubic foot (80 mg/cm3)	90 degrees	Corkscrew FT Ti 4.5 mm, HEALICOIL PK 4.5 mm, Corkscrew Bio 4.75 mm	LTF, Failure mode	IV	High risk
Rosso et al., 2020 [31]	Switzerland	Sawbone model, 60	N/A	N/A	1. Physiological group: 120 mg/cm3 2. Osteoporotic group: 90 mg/cm3	45 degrees	TwinFix Ti 4.5 mm, Healix BR 4.5 mm, Iconix 2.3 mm	LTF, STF, DIS	IV	Low risk
Ntalos et al., 2019 [24]	Germany	Human humerus, 10	50-73y	N/A	1. All-suture anchor: 126 ± 25 mg/cm3 2. Conventional anchor: 127 ± 30 mg/cm3	90 degrees	Y-knot 2.8 mm, CrossFT 4.5 mm	LTF, STF, DIS, Failure mode	IV	Some concerns
Ntalos et al., 2019 [25]	Germany	Human humerus, 36	22-76y (61.4  ± 11y)	N/A	1. 126 ± 18 mg /cm3 2. 126 ± 26 mg /cm3 3. 127 ± 16 mg /cm3	45, 90, 110 degrees	Y-knot 2.8 mm, CrossFT 4.5 mm	LTF, STF, DIS, Failure mode	IV	Low risk
Nagra et al., 2017 [23]	United Kingdom	Human humerus, 24	58-96y	16 M, 8F	N/A	N/A	Y-knot 2.8 mm, TwinFix ultra PK 6.5 mm	LTF, DIS, Failure mode	IV	Some concerns
Barber et al., 2010 [3]	United States	Human humerus, 16	70-96y	7 M, 1F	N/A	N/A	Bio-Corkscrew FT 5.5 mm, CrossFT PK 5.5 mm	LTF, DIS, Failure mode	IV	Some concerns
Pietschmann et al., 2009 [28]	Germany	Human humerus, 12	27-93y	8 M, 4F	1. Non-osteopenic: 109 ± 26 mg/cm3 2. Osteoporotic bones: 41 ± 20 g/cm3	45 degrees	SPIRALOK BC 5.0 mm, Super Revo 5.0 mm	LTF, DIS, Failure mode	IV	Some concerns

LEGEND: Characteristics included author names, publication year, sources of country, specimen type, specimen numbers, age, gender and bone mineral densities of human cadaver, anchor insertion anchor, interventions, outcomes, level of evidence and risk of bias of each study. LTF Load to failure, STF Stiffness, DIS Displacement