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. 2023 Apr 4;14:1160719. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1160719

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Phenotypes and functions of macrophage polarization. When exposed to different microenvironmental stimuli, M0 macrophages can be polarized into M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages. M2 macrophages can be subdivided into M2a, M2b, M2c and M2d. M1-type macrophages express the cell surface markers CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC-IIR and release pro-inflammatory molecules such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS. These cells possess strong anti-pathogen, anti-tumor, and pro-inflammatory effects. M2-type macrophages express the cell surface markers CD163, CD204 and CD206. M2a macrophages secrete like TGF-β, IGF, and fibronectin, and they can promote wound healing and fibrosis; M2b macrophages secrete IL-10, and they have strong immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects;M2c macrophages secrete TGF-β and IL-10, and they exert phagocytosis, immunosuppression, angiogenesis, and development of tissue fibrosis;M2d macrophages secrete IL-10, TGF-β, and VEGF, and they promote angiogenesis and cancer metastasis.