TABLE 1.
Distribution of baseline (2011) characteristics of the study population by gender (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, China, 2022).
| Variables | Total (n = 10,460) | Gender | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n = 4,953) | Female (n = 5,507) | |||
| Age (mean ± SD) | 58.23 ± 8.54 | 58.72 ± 8.49 | 57.80 ± 8.56 | <0.001 |
| Race (%) | 0.032 | |||
| Han | 9,644 (92.20) | 4,596 (92.79) | 5,048 (91.67) | |
| Minority | 816 (7.80) | 357 (7.21) | 459 (8.33) | |
| Registered residence (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Agricultural | 8,553 (81.77) | 3,958 (79.91) | 4,595 (83.44) | |
| Non-Agricultural | 1,907 (18.23) | 995 (20.09) | 912 (16.56) | |
| Marital status (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Married or cohabitated | 9,414 (90.00) | 4,594 (92.75) | 4,820 (87.52) | |
| Single | 1,046 (10.00) | 359 (7.25) | 687 (12.48) | |
| Educational level (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Illiterate | 2,749 (26.28) | 538 (10.86) | 2,211 (40.15) | |
| Elementary school | 4,280 (40.92) | 2,267 (45.77) | 2,013 (36.55) | |
| Middle school | 2,232 (21.34) | 1,364 (27.54) | 868 (15.76) | |
| High school and above | 1,199 (11.46) | 784 (15.83) | 415 (7.54) | |
| Household income per capita (%) | 0.020 | |||
| Quartile 1 (poorest) | 2,092 (20.00) | 926 (18.70) | 1,166 (21.17) | |
| Quartile 2 | 2,091 (19.99) | 1,003 (20.25) | 1,088 (19.76) | |
| Quartile 3 (average) | 2,091 (19.99) | 1,022 (20.63) | 1,069 (19.41) | |
| Quartile 4 | 2,090 (19.98) | 983 (19.85) | 1,107 (20.10) | |
| Quartile 5 (richest) | 2,096 (20.04) | 1,019 (20.57) | 1,077 (19.56) | |
| Chronic conditions (%) | <0.001 | |||
| 0 | 3,433 (32.82) | 1,726 (34.85) | 1,707 (31.00) | |
| 1 | 3,162 (30.23) | 1,528 (30.85) | 1,634 (29.67) | |
| 2 and above | 3,865 (36.95) | 1,699 (34.30) | 2,166 (39.33) | |
| Smoke (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 6,370 (60.90) | 1,294 (26.13) | 5,076 (92.17) | |
| Yes | 4,090 (39.10) | 3,659 (73.87) | 431 (7.83) | |
| Alcohol use (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 6,939 (66.34) | 2,106 (42.52) | 4,833 (87.76) | |
| Yes | 3,521 (33.66) | 2,847 (57.48) | 674 (12.24) | |
| IADL (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 9,374 (89.62) | 4,551 (91.88) | 4,823 (87.58) | |
| Yes | 1,086 (10.38) | 402 (8.12) | 684 (12.42) | |
| Total sleep time (%) | <0.001 | |||
| ≤6 h | 3,915 (37.43) | 1,637 (33.05) | 2,278 (41.37) | |
| 6–7 h | 1,962 (18.76) | 935 (18.88) | 1,027 (18.65) | |
| 7–8 h | 2,125 (20.32) | 1,088 (21.97) | 1,037 (18.83) | |
| 8–9 h | 1,400 (13.38) | 762 (15.38) | 638 (11.59) | |
| >9 h | 1,058 (10.11) | 531 (10.72) | 527 (9.57) | |
| Depression (mean ± SD) | 8.40 ± 6.29 | 7.30 ± 5.72 | 9.39 ± 6.60 | <0.001 |
SD, standard deviation; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.