Figure 2.

The flow chart of the establishment of patient-derived tumor organoid (PDO) models and the application of PDO in personalized treatment. It is commonly used to obtain primary tumor samples from surgical resections, puncture samples, or circulating tumor cells (CTCs) isolated from blood samples. Patient-derived cancer cells can be propagated in vitro on an enriched Matrigel matrix and cultured into three-dimensional tumor-like organs for in vitro and in vivo applications. These tumor models can be used for drug screening, gene analysis, immunotherapy, and other studies to accurately detect drug efficacy and toxicity. Furthermore, we are able to develop effective individualized treatment strategies for patients.