Table 10.

Women economic rights and growth (SAR and SDM models for high- and low-income groups)

Variables	High-income countries		Low-income countries
	SAR	SDM	SAR	SDM
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Panel A:average results
Women Eco-rights	0.396***	0.336**	0.0151	0.0281
	(0.144)	(0.146)	(0.319)	(0.315)
Wx[Women Eco-rights]		0.259		−0.0258
		(0.222)		(0.583)
Lag of log GDP per capita	−1.285***	−1.526***	−1.915***	−2.187***
	(0.206)	(0.229)	(0.459)	(0.494)
ρ1 Wx[Lag of log GDP per capita]		0.0452		0.0452
		(0.241)		(0.241)
Trade	0.0067***	0.0072***	0.00403	0.00530
	(0.00224)	(0.00221)	(0.00677)	(0.00671)
Consumption expenditure	−0.0197	−0.0222	−0.154***	−0.162***
	(0.0129)	(0.0144)	(0.0194)	(0.0208)
Life expectancy	0.0718**	0.0905**	0.165***	0.121***
	(0.0311)	(0.0388)	(0.0322)	(0.0391)
Rho (spatial dependence)	0.411***	0.413***	0.116***	0.111***
	(0.0291)	(0.0292)	(0.0347)	(0.0366)
Panel B:direct,indirect and total effects
Direct effect
Women Eco-rights	0.406***	0.373***	0.00256	0.0143
	(0.148)	(0.143)	(0.308)	(0.305)
Indirect effect
Women Eco-rights	0.255**	0.640*	0.00147	−0.0496
	(0.0994)	(0.342)	(0.0426)	(0.599)
Total effect
Women Eco-rights	0.662***	1.013***	0.00404	−0.0353
	(0.244)	(0.389)	(0.349)	(0.696)
Direct effect %	61%	37%	63%	40%
Indirect effect %	39%	63%	37%	60%
Observations	1200	1200	1128	1128

Robust standard errors in parentheses by using MLE method of estimation for SAR and SDM models. Control variables for specification (2) and (4) of SDM models: human rights variables (political regime, country identifier, disappearance extrajudicial killing, political imprisonment, torture, freedom of assembly and association), regional dummies, time dummies. Definition of human rights variables is given in the data section. *, ** and *** represent the level of significance at 1%, 5% and 10%. Panel dimension: time = 1991–2014, countries: 100 in total