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. 2023 Apr 18:1–22. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s10368-023-00560-1

Table 4.

Women economic rights and growth (OLS and MLE results for global sample)

Variables OLS OLS MLE MLE
Women economic rights 0.634*** 0.555*** 0.595*** 0.415***
0.109 (0.119) (0.138) (0.140)
Lag of log GDP percapita −0.444 −0.873*** −1.262*** −1.392***
0.0658 (0.0978) (0.151) (0.151)
Trade 0.0117*** 0.0113*** 0.0167*** 0.0166***
0.00148 0.00159 0.0025 0.002
Consumption expenditure −0.0516 −0.0505*** −0.064*** −0.0551***
0.0051 0.005 0.007 0.006
Life expectancy 0.0705*** 0.070*** 0.127***
0.0104 0.0132 0.0162
Human rights variable
 Disappearance Yes Yes
 Extrajudicial killing Yes Yes
 Political imprisonment Yes Yes
 Torture Yes Yes
 Freedom of assembly and association Yes Yes
 Regional dummies Yes
 Time dummies No No Yes Yes
Constant 7.842*** 6.466*** 10.17*** 7.388***
0.779 (0.911) 1.258 (1.511)
Observations 5756 5756
R2 0.79 0.80 0.77 0.81

Robust standard errors in parentheses by using MLE method of estimation

*, ** and *** represent the level of significance at 1%, 5% and 10%

Panel dimension: time = 1960–2016, countries: 171 in total

Definition of human rights variables is given in the data section