TABLE 3.

Injury case studies: Steps taken to estimate reduction in injuries (information sources and estimation methods)

	Step 2a: Injury or injury cost rate in the population to which prevention is applied	Step 2b: Prevention effectiveness in reducing injuries or injury costs	Step 2c: Reduction in number of injuries or injury costs
Safety grants	Assumption: Share of grant beneficiary population in state total workers’ compensation claim cost = share of grant beneficiary population in insured population	NIOSH study based on longitudinal claims data for workers affected by grants	Multiplication of baseline workers’ compensation claim cost amount by cost reduction percentage found in NIOSH study
Ambulance redesign	National police report data on crash injuries by vehicle type and occupant location in vehicle used to extract data on ambulance patient compartment injuries	National police report data on crash injuries for vehicle occupants for whom similar engineering standards already met. Also, general seat belt effectiveness literature	Difference in injury rates obtained in first two steps Also, percentage reduction associated with seat belts applied to baseline injury rate
Amputations	Data unavailable: Neither OSHA inspection data nor surveillance data tracks injury rates and costs for individual employers	Data unavailable to estimate reduction in injuries or injury costs, but effectiveness of amputation inspections in increasing number of violations estimated by comparing results of amputation and other inspections	Not estimated

Abbreviation: NIOSH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.