Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study participantsa.
| Variables | Paternal BMI (kg/m2) | P valueb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight (n = 996) |
Normal (n = 16028) |
Overweight (n = 9761) |
Obesity (n = 2733) |
||
| Paternal age (y) | 33.11 ± 4.49 | 35.00± 4.93 | 35.44± 4.94 | 34.81 ± 4.82 | <0.001 |
| Paternal education (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| High school and below | 498 (50.00) | 8149 (50.84) | 5355 (54.86) | 1592 (58.25) | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 438 (43.98) | 6998 (43.66) | 3968 (40.65) | 1050 (38.42) | |
| Master degree or above | 60 (6.02) | 881 (5.50) | 438 (4.49) | 91 (3.33) | |
| Maternal age (y) | 33.37 ± 4.27 | 33.17 ± 4.37 | 32.89 ± 4.34 | 32.24 ± 4.40 | <0.001 |
| Maternal education (%) | 0.073 | ||||
| High school and below | 530 (53.21) | 8456 (52.76) | 5109 (52.34) | 1390 (50.86) | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 415 (41.67) | 6942 (43.31) | 4301 (44.06) | 1241 (45.41) | |
| Master degree or above | 51 (5.12) | 630 (3.93) | 351 (3.60) | 102 (3.73) | |
| Gravity (%) | 0.400 | ||||
| <2 | 520 (52.21) | 8804(54.93) | 5368 (55.00) | 1503 (54.99) | |
| ≥2 | 476 (47.79) | 7224 (45.07) | 4393 (45.00) | 1230(45.01) | |
| Parity (%) | 0.142 | ||||
| <2 | 435 (43.67) | 7592 (47.37) | 4631 (47.44) | 1300 (47.57) | |
| ≥2 | 561 (56.33) | 8436 (52.63) | 5130 (52.56) | 1433 (52.43) | |
| Maternal BMI | <0.001 | ||||
| Underweight | 120 (12.05) | 1973(12.31) | 1302 (13.34) | 387 (14.16) | |
| Normal | 692 (69.48) | 11343 (70.77) | 6995 (71.66) | 1925(70.44) | |
| Overweight | 158 (15.86) | 2317(14.46) | 1258 (12.89) | 338 (12.36) | |
| Obesity | 26 (2.61) | 395 (2.46) | 206 (2.11) | 83(3.04) | |
| Annual family income ¥, [n(%)] | 0.022 | ||||
| ≤3,000 | 76 (7.63) | 1176 (7.33) | 665 (6.81) | 202 (7.39) | |
| 3,000-8,000 | 353 (35.44) | 6076 (37.91) | 3644 (37.33) | 951 (34.80) | |
| >8,000 | 567 (56.93) | 8776 (54.75) | 5452 (55.85) | 1580 (57.81) | |
BMI, body mass index;
a Values are mean ± SD for continuous variables or n (%) for categorical variables.
b P values were derived from one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables.