Table 3.
Adjusted Associations of Duration of Any Breastfeeding With Measures of Cardiometabolic Health
| <1 mo | 1 to <3 mo | 3 to <6 mo | 6 to <9 mo | 9+ mo | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | −0.29 (−0.76 to 0.18) | −0.39 (−0.82 to 0.05) | −0.14 (−0.54 to 0.26) | −0.55 (−0.96 to −0.15)* | −0.49 (−0.87 to −0.11)* |
| WC, cm | −0.31 (−1.57 to 0.95) | −1.22 (−2.38 to −0.06)* | −0.55 (−1.61 to 0.51) | −1.32 (−2.40 to −0.25)* | −1.25 (−2.26 to −0.25)* |
| SBP, mm Hg | −0.50 (−2.16 to 1.16) | −1.31 (−2.84 to 0.22) | −0.01 (−1.40 to 1.38) | −0.35 (−1.77 to 1.07) | −1.02 (−2.35 to 0.30) |
| Arterial distensibility, mm | −0.00 (−0.02 to 0.01) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.02) | −0.00 (−0.01 to 0.01) | 0.00 (−0.01 to 0.02) | 0.00 (−0.01 to 0.02) |
| CMIT, mm | −0.01 (−0.02 to 0.00) | −0.00 (−0.01 to 0.00) | 0.00 (−0.01 to 0.01) | 0.00 (−0.00 to 0.01) | −0.00 (−0.01 to 0.01) |
| CRP, % change | −17.12 (−32.76 to −1.47)* | −18.61 (−33.08 to −4.15)* | −19.87 (−32.89 to −6.84)* | −25.50 (−39.04 to −11.97)† | −20.93 (−33.23 to −8.63)† |
| HDL‐C, mmol/L | −0.01 (−0.07 to 0.04) | 0.07 (0.02 to 0.12)* | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.07) | 0.07 (0.03 to 0.12)* | 0.04 (−0.00 to 0.08) |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | −0.03 (−0.11 to −0.04) | −0.10 (−0.17 to −0.03)* | −0.02 (−0.08 to 0.04) | −0.07 (−0.13 to −0.01)* | −0.08 (−0.14 to −0.02)* |
| Insulin, % change | −1.44 (−9.77 to 6.89) | −9.77 (−17.69 to −1.84)* | −1.41 (−8.54 to 5.72) | −10.59 (−17.77 to −3.40)* | −6.77 (−13.37 to −0.17) |
| Proinsulin, % change | −1.19 (−9.11 to 6.37) | −5.88 (−13.17 to 1.41) | 0.71 (−5.78 to 7.21) | −8.26 (−14.84 to −1.96)* | −7.21 (−13.35 to −1.06)* |
Reference group=participants who never breastfed. All outcomes were adjusted for age at delivery, race, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), parity, smoking, marital status, manual occupational social class, university education, and gestational diabetes. Blood pressure outcomes were further adjusted for use of antihypertensive medications. Glucose, insulin, and proinsulin outcomes were further adjusted for diabetes medications. High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) outcomes were further adjusted for cholesterol‐lowering medications. CMIT indicates carotid intima‐media thickness; CRP, C‐reactive protein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; and WC, waist circumference.
P<0.05.
P<0.001 (Bonferroni correction).