Table 4.
Adjusted Associations of Duration of Any Breastfeeding With DBP, MAP, LDL‐C, and Glucose Stratified by Presence of HDP
| <1 month | 1 to <3 months | 3 to <6 months | 6 to <9 months | 9+ months | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | |
| No HDP | |||||
| DBP, mm Hg | −0.21 (−1.74 to 1.32) | −1.30 (−2.72 to 0.12) | −0.02 (−1.31 to 1.26) | −0.28 (−1.59 to 1.03) | −1.18 (−2.40 to 0.05) |
| MAP | −0.13 (−1.60 to 1.33) | −1.19 (−2.56 to 0.17) | 0.25 (−0.97 to 1.48) | −0.07 (−1.33 to 1.19) | −0.95 (−2.12 to 0.23) |
| LDL‐C, mmol/L | 0.03 (−0.10 to 0.16) | 0.01 (−0.11 to 0.13) | 0.01 (−0.10 to 0.12) | −0.05 (−0.16 to 0.06) | −0.05 (−0.15 to 0.05) |
| Glucose, % change | −0.27 (−1.92 to 1.38) | −0.77 (−2.36 to 0.82) | 0.84 (−0.54 to 2.21) | −0.66 (−2.05 to 0.73) | −0.15 (−1.44 to 1.13) |
| HDP | |||||
| DBP, mm Hg | −3.25 (−6.85 to 0.34) | −3.08 (−6.17 to 0.02) | −2.67 (−5.76 to 0.41) | −4.87 (−7.87 to −1.88)* | −1.67 (−4.59 to 1.24) |
| MAP | −2.93 (−6.33 to 0.47) | −3.11 (−6.04 to −0.17)* | −2.87 (−5.79 to 0.04) | −4.61 (−7.45 to −1.77)* | −1.95 (−4.71 to 0.81) |
| LDL‐C, mmol/L | −0.26 (−0.53 to 0.02) | −0.41 (−0.66 to −0.17)† | −0.22 (−0.45 to 0.02) | −0.40 (−0.62 to −0.17)† | −0.27 (−0.50 to −0.04)* |
| Glucose, % change | −1.18 (−5.97 to 3.61) | −4.78 (−8.98 to −0.59)* | −1.91 (−6.18 to 2.36) | −3.98 (−8.05 to 0.09) | −2.96 (−6.95 to 1.02) |
Reference group=participants who never breastfed. All outcomes were adjusted for age at delivery, race, prepregnancy body mass index, parity, smoking, marital status, manual occupational social class, university education, and gestational diabetes. Blood pressure outcomes were further adjusted for use of antihypertensive medications. Glucose, insulin, and proinsulin outcomes were further adjusted for diabetes medications. Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) outcomes were further adjusted for cholesterol‐lowering medications. DBP indicates diastolic blood pressure; HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; and MAP, mean arterial pressure.
P<0.05.
P<0.001 (Bonferroni correction).