Table 4.
Hazard Ratios and 95% CIs for the Risk of CHD According to Conditions That Were Reported to be the Cause of Infertility (NHSII, 1989–2017)
| Attributed causes of infertility | Ever reported infertility diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| No§ | Yes|| | |
| Ovulatory disorder | ||
| Events, no. | 966 | 161 |
| Age‐adjusted model* | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.35 (1.14–1.60) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.32 (1.11–1.56) |
| Multivariable model 2‡ | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.28 (1.05–1.55) |
| Endometriosis | ||
| Events, n | 966 | 87 |
| Age‐adjusted model* | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.25 (1.00–1.56) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.36 (1.08–1.70) |
| Multivariable model 2‡ | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.42 (1.09–1.85) |
| Cervical mucus disorder | ||
| Events, n | 966 | 22 |
| Age‐adjusted model* | 1.00 [Referent] | 0.93 (0.61–1.43) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.00 (0.65–1.53) |
| Multivariable model 2‡ | 1.00 [Referent] | 0.98 (0.61–1.57) |
| Tubal blockage | ||
| Events, n | 966 | 49 |
| Age‐adjusted model* | 1.00 [Referent] | 0.97 (0.73–1.30) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 [Referent] | 0.99 (0.74–1.32) |
| Multivariable model 2‡ | 1.00 [Referent] | 0.95 (0.69–1.31) |
| Spouse or partner factors | ||
| Events, n | 966 | 92 |
| Age‐adjusted model* | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.11 (0.90–1.38) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.16 (0.93–1.45) |
| Multivariable model 2‡ | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.12 (0.87–1.44) |
| Other cause | ||
| Events, n | 966 | 84 |
| Age‐adjusted model* | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.25 (1.00–1.56) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.27 (1.01–1.59) |
| Multivariable model 2‡ | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.20 (0.94–1.54) |
| Cause not found | ||
| Events, n | 966 | 93 |
| Age‐adjusted model* | 1.00 [Referent] | 0.97 (0.78–1.20) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.01 (0.82–1.26) |
| Multivariable model 2‡ | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.01 (0.81–1.27) |
| Cause not investigated | ||
| Events, n | 966 | 129 |
| Age‐adjusted model* | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.11 (0.92–1.34) |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.10 (0.91–1.32) |
| Multivariable model 2‡ | 1.00 [Referent] | 1.04 (0.86–1.26) |
CHD includes fatal and nonfatal MI (ICD‐8: 410), fatal coronary heart disease (ICD‐8: 412), and self‐reported coronary artery bypass grafting/angioplasty/stent. BMI indicates body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; ICD‐8, International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision; MI, myocardial infarction; and NHSII, Nurses’ Health Study II.
Models were jointly stratified by age (months) and calendar time (months).
Model 2 additionally adjusted for age at menarche (<12, 12, 13, ≥14 years of age), White Non‐Hispanic race and ethnicity (yes, no), marital status (ever married, never), daily aspirin use (yes, no), oral contraceptive use (never, past, current), gravidity (≤1, 2, 3, or ≥4 pregnancies), BMI at age 18 years (<19, 20.5–21.9, 22–24.9, 25–29.9, or ≥30 kg/m2), and breastfeeding duration (<3, 3–12, or >12 months).
Model 3 is additionally adjusted for current BMI (<24.9, 25–29.9, 30–34.9, or ≥35 kg/m2), cigarette smoking status and current dose (never, past, current 1–34 cigarettes/d, current ≥35 cigarettes/d), physical activity (0, 0.1–1.0, 1.1–2.4, 2.5–5.9, or ≥6 h/wk), Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010 diet quality score (quintiles), and mutually adjusted for other infertility diagnoses.
Comparison group is gravid women without a history of any kind of infertility.
Attributed causes of infertility are not mutually exclusive.