Table 5.
Sleep Duration Regularity and Subclinical Markers of CVD With Additional Adjustment for Severe OSA, Average Sleep Duration, and Sleep Fragmentation Index
| Sleep duration regularity (nightly within‐person SD) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤60 min | 61–90 min | 91–120 min | >120 min | |
| Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | ||||
| Coronary artery calcium (>0) | ||||
| Model 3 | (Reference) | 1.06 (0.98–1.16) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 1.07 (0.98–1.18) |
| Model 3+OSA | (Reference) | 1.06 (0.96–1.16) | 1.01 (0.91–1.11) | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) |
| Model 3+sleep duration | (Reference) | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) | 1.02 (0.93–1.13) | 1.06 (0.97–1.17) |
| Model 3+fragmentation | (Reference) | 1.05 (0.97–1.15) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.05 (0.96–1.16) |
| Model 3+all sleep | (Reference) | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) |
| Coronary artery calcium (>300) | ||||
| Model 3 | (Reference) | 1.26 (0.99–1.59) | 1.32 (1.05–1.67)* | 1.33 (1.03–1.71)* |
| Model 3+OSA | (Reference) | 1.25 (0.98–1.61) | 1.29 (1.00–1.67)* | 1.34 (1.02–1.76)* |
| Model 3+sleep duration | (Reference) | 1.28 (1.01–1.62)* | 1.35 (1.07–1.71)* | 1.39 (1.07–1.81)* |
| Model 3+fragmentation | (Reference) | 1.24 (0.97–1.57) | 1.28 (1.01–1.62)* | 1.27 (0.98–1.65) |
| Model 3+all sleep | 1.26 (0.98–1.62) | 1.29 (0.99–1.68)* | 1.37 (1.03–1.82)* | |
| Carotid plaque | ||||
| Model 3 | (Reference) | 1.10 (1.01–1.20)* | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) | 1.09 (0.99–1.21) |
| Model 3+OSA | (Reference) | 1.10 (1.00–1.21)* | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) |
| Model 3+sleep duration | (Reference) | 1.10 (1.01–1.21)* | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) |
| Model 3+fragmentation | (Reference) | 1.10 (1.00–1.20)* | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) |
| Model 3+all sleep | (Reference) | 1.10 (1.00–1.20)* | 1.08 (0.97–1.19) | 1.09 (0.98–1.22) |
| Carotid IMT (>0.9) | ||||
| Model 3 | (Reference) | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 1.03 (0.85–1.25) |
| Model 3+OSA | (Reference) | 1.01 (0.84–1.22) | 1.03 (0.86–1.24) | 1.05 (0.85–1.28) |
| Model 3+sleep duration | (Reference) | 1.00 (0.84–1.19) | 1.00(0.84–1.20) | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) |
| Model 3+fragmentation | (Reference) | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 0.99 (0.82–1.18) | 1.03 (0.85–1.26) |
| Model 3+all sleep | (Reference) | 1.02 (0.84–1.23) | 1.04 (0.86–1.26) | 1.07 (0.87–1.32) |
| Ankle‐brachial index (<0.9) | ||||
| Model 3 | (Reference) | 1.50 (0.86–2.59) | 1.62 (0.98–2.70) | 1.75 (1.03–2.95)* |
| Model 3+OSA | (Reference) | 1.36 (0.76–2.44) | 1.52 (0.89–2.59) | 1.74 (1.00–3.04)* |
| Model 3+sleep duration | (Reference) | 1.50 (0.87–2.61) | 1.64 (0.98–2.74) | 1.77 (1.05–2.97)* |
| Model 3+fragmentation | (Reference) | 1.49 (0.86–2.59) | 1.62 (0.97–2.70) | 1.74 (1.03–2.95)* |
| Model 3+all sleep | (Reference) | 1.37 (0.76–2.47) | 1.54 (0.89–2.65) | 1.77 (1.02–3.07)* |
Model 3: age, sex, race and ethnicity, site, education, income, work schedule, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, antihypertension medication use, statin medication use, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, prevalent diabetes. CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; IMT, intima‐media thickness; and OSA, obstructive sleep apnea.
*
P value <0.05.