Table 3.
Associations of Parental History of HF, CVD, and Risk Factors With Cardiac Structure and Function in Offspring
| Parental history | β estimate | SE | P value* | Interaction with PHx of HF P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | |||||
| LAD | HF | 0.06 | 0.01 | <0.001 | … |
| Smoking | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.01 | |
| Hypertension | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.26 | 0.05 | |
| Diabetes | −0.001 | 0.01 | 0.94 | 0.98 | |
| Obesity | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 1.00 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.83 | 0.54 | |
| LVEDD | HF | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.23 | … |
| Smoking | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.39 | 0.26 | |
| Hypertension | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.84 | |
| Diabetes | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.34 | 0.58 | |
| Obesity | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.10 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | −0.004 | 0.01 | 0.67 | 0.44 | |
| LVWT | HF | 0.016 | 0.007 | 0.04 | … |
| Smoking | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.85 | 0.52 | |
| Hypertension | −0.006 | 0.005 | 0.25 | 0.37 | |
| Diabetes | −0.015 | 0.007 | 0.04 | 0.89 | |
| Obesity | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.38 | 0.03 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | −0.011 | 0.005 | 0.04 | 0.51 | |
| LV mass | HF | 2.91 | 1.22 | 0.02 | … |
| Smoking | −0.65 | 0.91 | 0.47 | 0.76 | |
| Hypertension | −1.44 | 0.86 | 0.09 | 0.34 | |
| Diabetes | −2.45 | 1.16 | 0.03 | 0.73 | |
| Obesity | 1.54 | 0.88 | 0.08 | 0.02 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | −1.38 | 0.86 | 0.11 | 0.96 | |
| LVFS | HF | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.77 | … |
| Smoking | −0.16 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.58 | |
| Hypertension | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.68 | 0.98 | |
| Diabetes | −0.08 | 0.15 | 0.59 | 0.53 | |
| Obesity | −0.14 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.64 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | −0.06 | 0.11 | 0.59 | 0.40 | |
| GLS† | HF | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.35 | … |
| Smoking | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.79 | 0.64 | |
| Hypertension | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.46 | |
| Diabetes | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.38 | |
| Obesity | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.32 | 0.27 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.21 | |
| CAC‡ | HF | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.002 | … |
| Smoking | −0.06 | 0.08 | 0.48 | 0.09 | |
| Hypertension | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.55 | 0.13 | |
| Diabetes | 0.25 | 0.09 | 0.008 | 0.01 | |
| Obesity | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.69 | 0.06 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.79 | |
CAC indicates coronary artery calcification; CVD, cardiovascular disease; GLS, global longitudinal strain; HF, heart failure; LAD, left atrial diameter; LVEDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension; LVFS, left ventricular fractional shortening; LVWT, left ventricular wall thickness; and PHx, parental history.
Multivariable analyses adjusted for age, sex, cohort, systolic blood pressure, hypertension treatment, body mass index, diabetes, smoking status, and total cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein ratio.
Models for GLS were adjusted additionally for heart rate. β estimate represents between‐group differences in each outcome.
CAC scores were natural log‐transformed.