Table 2.
HRs and 95% CIs for Objective and Self‐Reported Sleep Duration Associated With All‐Cause Mortality
| Univariate model | Multivariable adjusted† | Multivariable adjusted‡ | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep duration | Patients, n | Events, n (%) | Person‐years | Mortality* | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value |
| Objective sleep duration, h | ||||||||||
| ≤4 | 207 | 95 (45.9) | 1934.2 | 49.1 | 4.29 (3.27–5.63) | <0.001 | 2.82 (2.15–3.71) | <0.001 | 2.43 (1.83–3.22) | <0.001 |
| 4–5 | 582 | 182 (31.3) | 5876.4 | 31.0 | 2.65 (2.10–3.35) | <0.001 | 1.76 (1.39–2.23) | <0.001 | 1.66 (1.30–2.12) | <0.001 |
| 5–6 | 1396 | 349 (25.0) | 14,905.9 | 23.4 | 1.92 (1.60–2.45) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.19–1.83) | <0.001 | 1.37 (1.10–1.71) | 0.005 |
| 6–7 | 1933 | 423 (21.9) | 20,848.7 | 20.3 | 1.71 (1.39–2.10) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.17–1.77) | 0.001 | 1.42 (1.15–1.76) | 0.001 |
| 7–8 | 855 | 115 (13.5) | 9617.4 | 12.0 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | |||
| >8 | 54 | 8 (14.8) | 599.1 | 13.4 | 1.12 (0.55–2.30) | 0.749 | 1.70 (0.83–3.48) | 0.148 | 1.63 (0.79–3.34) | 0.187 |
| Self‐reported weekday sleep duration, h | ||||||||||
| ≤4 | 63 | 21 (33.3) | 630.2 | 33.3 | 1.71 (1.10–2.66) | 0.017 | 1.74 (1.12–2.70) | 0.014 | 1.63 (1.04–2.54) | 0.032 |
| 4–5 | 108 | 21 (19.4) | 1164.8 | 18.0 | 0.91 (0.59–1.42) | 0.689 | 0.85 (0.55–1.31) | 0.454 | 0.68 (0.43–1.08) | 0.101 |
| 5–6 | 513 | 119 (23.2) | 5465.3 | 21.8 | 1.11 (0.90–1.36) | 0.322 | 1.08 (0.88–1.33) | 0.471 | 1.02 (0.82–1.26) | 0.866 |
| 6–7 | 1465 | 275 (18.8) | 16,180.6 | 17.0 | 0.86 (0.74–1.00) | 0.053 | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) | 0.229 | 0.93 (0.79–1.09) | 0.340 |
| 7–8 | 1791 | 384 (21.4) | 19,437.9 | 19.7 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | |||
| >8 | 986 | 313 (31.7) | 9950.7 | 31.5 | 1.62 (1.40–1.88) | <0.001 | 1.37 (1.18–1.59) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.08–1.47) | 0.003 |
| Self‐reported weekend sleep duration, h | ||||||||||
| ≤4 | 57 | 23 (40.4) | 534.6 | 43.0 | 2.21 (1.45–3.37) | <0.001 | 1.90 (1.25–2.90) | 0.003 | 1.89 (1.23–2.89) | 0.004 |
| 4–5 | 83 | 23 (27.7) | 870.1 | 26.4 | 1.33 (0.87–2.02) | 0.191 | 1.09 (0.72–1.67) | 0.681 | 0.96 (0.62–1.50) | 0.857 |
| 5–6 | 373 | 103 (27.6) | 3916.2 | 26.3 | 1.32 (1.06–1.65) | 0.012 | 1.17 (0.94–1.45) | 0.169 | 1.10 (0.88–1.38) | 0.421 |
| 6–7 | 1108 | 238 (21.5) | 12,084.7 | 19.7 | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) | 0.827 | 0.94 (0.79–1.10) | 0.419 | 0.94 (0.80–1.12) | 0.501 |
| 7–8 | 1704 | 369 (21.7) | 18,390.2 | 20.1 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | |||
| >8 | 1602 | 380 (23.7) | 17,030.4 | 22.3 | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) | 0.131 | 1.21 (1.05–1.39) | 0.010 | 1.16 (1.01–1.35) | 0.046 |
HR indicates hazard ratio.
*
Crude event rate per 1000 person‐years.
†
Adjusted by age and sex.
‡
Adjusted by age, race, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol use, diabetes, hypertension, history of major cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and stroke), history of chronic respiratory disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis), lipid‐lowering medication use, benzodiazepine use, apnea‐hypopnea index, and oxygen desaturation <90%.