TABLE 3.
Association between baseline sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and anthropometric characteristics and gestational weight gain, Tanzania, 2001–2005 (N = 7025)
| Severely inadequate weight gain |
Inadequate weight gain |
Excessive weight gain |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy-adjusted RR (95% CI) | Multivariable RR (95% CI) | Energy-adjusted RR (95% CI) | Multivariable RR (95% CI) | Energy-adjusted RR (95% CI) | Multivariable RR (95% CI) | |
| Prepregnancy BMI category (kg/m2)1 | ||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 1.38∗ (1.05, 1.83) | 1.51∗∗∗ (1.13, 2.01) | 1.51∗∗ (1.14, 1.99) | 1.57∗∗∗ (1.18, 2.09) | 0.47∗∗ (0.28, 0.80) | 0.46∗∗∗ (0.27, 0.79) |
| Normal weight (18.5 to <25) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Overweight (25 to <30) | 0.64∗∗ (0.49, 0.83) | 0.67∗∗∗ (0.51, 0.88) | 0.50∗∗∗ (0.37, 0.66) | 0.48∗∗∗ (0.36, 0.65) | 6.45∗∗∗ (5.10, 8.16) | 6.73∗∗∗ (5.28, 8.59) |
| Obese (≥30) | 0.97 (0.55, 1.73) | 0.94 (0.52, 1.72) | 0.53 (0.26, 1.09) | 0.50∗ (0.24, 1.02) | 18.41∗∗∗ (11.83, 28.65) | 21.12∗∗∗ (13.36, 33.40) |
| Age category (y) | ||||||
| <20 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 20 to <25 | 0.88 (0.69, 1.13) | 0.95 (0.73, 1.23) | 1.05 (0.81, 1.35) | 1.07 (0.82, 1.40) | 1.27 (0.94, 1.73) | 1.17 (0.82, 1.66) |
| 25 to <30 | 0.67∗∗ (0.51, 0.88) | 0.78 (0.56, 1.07) | 0.87 (0.66, 1.14) | 0.98 (0.71, 1.35) | 1.52∗∗ (1.11, 2.09) | 1.13 (0.75, 1.71) |
| ≥30 | 0.86 (0.64, 1.15) | 0.87 (0.58, 1.30) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.34) | 1.10 (0.73, 1.64) | 1.42∗ (1.00, 2.00) | 0.74 (0.45, 1.24) |
| Education (y) | ||||||
| 0–4 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 5–7 | 0.72∗ (0.55, 0.95) | 0.84 (0.63, 1.11) | 0.74∗ (0.56, 0.98) | 0.82 (0.61, 1.11) | 1.17 (0.83, 1.66) | 0.92 (0.65, 1.32) |
| 8–11 | 0.43∗∗∗ (0.31, 0.61) | 0.61∗∗∗ (0.42, 0.88) | 0.59∗∗ (0.42, 0.82) | 0.72∗ (0.50, 1.05) | 1.34 (0.91, 1.97) | 0.98 (0.64, 1.50) |
| ≥12 | 0.37∗∗∗ (0.22, 0.62) | 0.63 (0.37, 1.09) | 0.48∗∗ (0.29, 0.79) | 0.70 (0.40, 1.20) | 1.98∗∗ (1.22, 3.23) | 1.23 (0.69, 2.20) |
| Height (cm) | 0.96∗∗∗ (0.95, 0.97) | 0.96∗∗∗ (0.95, 0.98) | 0.97∗∗∗ (0.95, 0.98) | 0.97∗∗∗ (0.95, 0.98) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) |
| Marriage status | ||||||
| Married | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Unmarried | 0.93 (0.71, 1.22) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.22) | 0.83 (0.63, 1.09) | 0.85 (0.64, 1.13) | 0.91 (0.67, 1.22) | 1.05 (0.75, 1.47) |
| Wealth quartile | ||||||
| 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 2∗ | 0.88 (0.68, 1.15) | 0.95 (0.73, 1.24) | 0.9 (0.69, 1.18) | 0.97 (0.74, 1.27) | 1.13 (0.83, 1.53) | 1.03 (0.75, 1.42) |
| 3 | 0.63∗∗∗ (0.51, 0.78) | 0.72∗∗∗ (0.58, 0.90) | 0.89 (0.72, 1.10) | 1.01 (0.81, 1.27) | 1.33∗∗ (1.05, 1.69) | 1.09 (0.83, 1.44) |
| 4 | 0.51∗∗∗ (0.39, 0.65) | 0.67∗∗∗ (0.51, 0.89) | 0.62∗∗∗ (0.48, 0.80) | 0.78∗ (0.59, 1.02) | 1.58∗∗ (1.22, 2.04) | 1.07 (0.78, 1.47) |
| Gravidity | ||||||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1 | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) | 1.00 (0.79, 1.26) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.30) | 1.09 (0.86, 1.37) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.20) | 0.74∗ (0.55, 1.00) |
| 2 | 0.84 (0.65, 1.08) | 0.92 (0.67, 1.26) | 0.89 (0.69, 1.15) | 0.93 (0.69, 1.27) | 1.17 (0.89, 1.53) | 0.78 (0.54, 1.12) |
| ≥3 | 1.26 (0.97, 1.64) | 1.34 (0.92, 1.94) | 1.19 (0.91, 1.55) | 1.26 (0.87, 1.82) | 1.21 (0.91, 1.61) | 0.79 (0.51, 1.22) |
| Alcohol | ||||||
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Any | 0.86 (0.66, 1.11) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.40) | 0.91 (0.70, 1.19) | 1.06 (0.80, 1.39) | 1.34∗ (1.03, 1.75) | 1.02 (0.74, 1.39) |
Values are risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals from multinomial regressions adjusted for total energy intake, prepregnancy BMI, maternal age, maternal education, maternal height, wealth quartile, alcohol use, and supplementation group: ∗P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001.
1
For those younger than 20 y at enrollment (adolescents), WHO growth references were used to calculate BMI-for-age z-scores and classify women with <−2 SD as underweight, −2 SD to <1 SD as normal weight, 1 SD to <+2 SD or obese (≥+2 SD).