Table 2.
Variable | TRF (n = 13) | CD (n = 14) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | p-value | Pre | Post | p-value | |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 36.7 ± 10.5 | 39.8 ± 11.1 | 0.056 | 44.2 ± 10.2 | 43.4 ± 9.7 | 0.513 |
SCR (μmol/L) | 173.9 ± 52.5 | 163.0 ± 52.1 | 0.097 | 144.1 ± 34.5 | 145.4 ± 32.3 | 0.752 |
BUN (mmol/L) | 9.0 ± 3.2 | 9.1 ± 2.9 | 0.889 | 8.9 ± 2.6 | 9.3 ± 2.8 | 0.030 |
UA (μmol/L) | 450 ± 110.7 | 379.9 ± 84.6 | 0.062 | 399.1 ± 100.6 | 423.4 ± 108.5 | 0.256 |
PCR (g/g) | 0.724 ± 0.662 | 0.795 ± 0.720 | 0.875 | 0.601 ± 0.466 | 0.730 ± 0.662 | 0.221 |
Cys-C (mg/L) | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 0.003 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 0.003 |
Weight (kg) | 79.4 ± 10.6 | 76.6 ± 10.8 | 0.004 | 73.3 ± 10.5 | 72.9 ± 10.8 | 0.314 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.3 ± 2.3 | 28.2 ± 2.1 | 0.007 | 28.0 ± 2.4 | 27.8 ± 2.3 | 0.231 |
ALB (g/L) | 43.2 ± 5.0 | 43.9 ± 4.1 | 0.485 | 44.6 ± 4.7 | 42.8 ± 5.6 | 0.003 |
TP (g/L) | 72.4 ± 5.8 | 74.1 ± 5.4 | 0.039 | 77.8 ± 11.3 | 77.7 ± 10.6 | 0.975 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 5.1 ± 2.9 | 5.7 ± 2.9 | 0.028 | 5.2 ± 4.2 | 7.0 ± 5.1 | 0.019 |
TNF-α (pg/ml) | 12.7 ± 5.3 | 10.0 ± 2.8 | 0.017 | 12.4 ± 5.1 | 11.8 ± 2.8 | 0.550 |
CRP (mg/L) | 4.5 ± 4.7 | 2.8 ± 2.7 | 0.182 | 7.8 ± 17.6 | 9.1 ± 16.5 | 0.279 |
Na (mmol/L) | 140.4 ± 1.8 | 140.7 ± 1.9 | 0.501 | 139.8 ± 2.2 | 139.4 ± 2.6 | 0.469 |
P (mmol/L) | 1.19 ± 0.11 | 1.15 ± 0.14 | 0.695 | 1.16 ± 0.14 | 1.26 ± 0.16 | 0.004 |
Ca (mmol/L) | 2.35 ± 0.08 | 2.40 ± 0.10 | 0.129 | 2.39 ± 0.13 | 2.39 ± 0.10 | 0.905 |
K (mmol/L) | 4.24 ± 0.56 | 4.43 ± 0.44 | 0.196 | 4.45 ± 0.42 | 4.47 ± 0.48 | 0.875 |
Cl (mmol/L) | 105.6 ± 2.6 | 105.0 ± 2.1 | 0.173 | 104.8 ± 2.6 | 104.8 ± 3.1 | 0.529 |
SBP (mmHg) | 130.7 ± 11.3 | 130.9 ± 14.7 | 0.946 | 125.4 ± 15.7 | 127.9 ± 12.6 | 0.228 |
DBP (mmHg) | 80.9 ± 6.0 | 79.7 ± 10.7 | 0.520 | 72.2 ± 9.1 | 71.6 ± 11.5 | 0.747 |
HR (beats/min) | 71.5 ± 10.7 | 75.3 ± 11.2 | 0.404 | 76.1 ± 10.9 | 77.8 ± 9.3 | 0.586 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 0.263 | 6.6 ± 2.9 | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 0.116 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.72 ± 1.43 | 4.30 ± 0.85 | 0.285 | 4.19 ± 0.91 | 4.33 ± 1.25 | 0.354 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 0.279 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 2.0 ± 1.7 | 0.463 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 3.05 ± 1.19 | 2.60 ± 0.77 | 0.220 | 2.43 ± 0.68 | 2.52 ± 0.88 | 0.485 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.14 ± 0.28 | 1.23 ± 0.30 | 0.115 | 1.11 ± 0.30 | 1.15 ± 0.30 | 0.278 |
β-HB (mmol/L) | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.637 | 0.09 ± 0.09 | 0.11 ± 0.13 | 0.407 |
ALT (U/L) | 24.2 ± 23.7 | 23.8 ± 24.0 | 0.529 | 22.6 ± 17.9 | 17.6 ± 11.1 | 0.013 |
AST (U/L) | 19.1 ± 8.2 | 19.8 ± 8.6 | 0.454 | 24.4 ± 12.1 | 21.4 ± 7.2 | 0.340 |
WBC (10^9/L) | 6.0 ± 1.8 | 5.9 ± 1.7 | 0.718 | 7.4 ± 1.7 | 7.3 ± 2.1 | 0.788 |
NEUT% | 60.6 ± 7.8 | 61.7 ± 6.5 | 0.574 | 64.0 ± 8.8 | 62.5 ± 6.3 | 0.438 |
LYM% | 29.0 ± 7.5 | 28.0 ± 5.8 | 0.507 | 25.5 ± 7.7 | 25.8 ± 5.6 | 0.854 |
RBC (10^12/L) | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 0.564 | 4.4 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 0.681 |
HB (g/L) | 129.2 ± 20.8 | 131.9 ± 18.8 | 0.294 | 130.9 ± 22.5 | 130.3 ± 25.1 | 0.278 |
PLT (10^9/L) | 228.4 ± 31.4 | 231.6 ± 38.3 | 0.345 | 261.7 ± 72.0 | 273.0 ± 77.6 | 0.109 |
BFM (kg) | 27.7 ± 5.7 | 25.9 ± 4.8 | 0.014 | 24.5 ± 5.2 | 24.0 ± 5.3 | 0.470 |
VFA (cm2) | 129.3 ± 34.9 | 120.9 ± 31.3 | 0.028 | 116.4 ± 32.8 | 111.7 ± 33.2 | 0.300 |
FMI | 10.3 ± 2.2 | 9.6 ± 1.6 | 0.018 | 9.4 ± 2.2 | 9.2 ± 2.1 | 0.340 |
PBF% | 34.9 ± 5.6 | 33.9 ± 4.3 | 0.055 | 33.6 ± 6.8 | 33.1 ± 6.0 | 0.593 |
FFM (kg) | 51.8 ± 8.6 | 50.7 ± 8.3 | 0.016 | 48.8 ± 9.3 | 48.9 ± 8.9 | 0.921 |
SLM (kg) | 48.9 ± 8.1 | 47.9 ± 7.9 | 0.012 | 46.1 ± 8.9 | 46.1 ± 8.5 | 0.928 |
SMM (kg) | 28.5 ± 5.0 | 27.8 ± 4.8 | 0.010 | 26.8 ± 5.7 | 26.9 ± 5.4 | 0.740 |
TBW (L) | 38.1 ± 6.4 | 37.3 ± 6.2 | 0.010 | 35.9 ± 6.9 | 35.9 ± 6.5 | 1.000 |
ICW (L) | 23.4 ± 3.8 | 22.9 ± 3.7 | 0.011 | 22.1 ± 4.4 | 22.2 ± 4.2 | 0.745 |
ECW (L) | 14.8 ± 2.6 | 14.5 ± 2.5 | 0.020 | 13.8 ± 2.5 | 13.8 ± 2.4 | 0.545 |
AC (cm) | 32.6 ± 1.9 | 31.0 ± 2.0 | 0.000 | 31.6 ± 2.3 | 31.0 ± 2.7 | 0.111 |
TSF (cm) | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0.714 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 0.972 |
WC (cm) | 100.8 ± 8.3 | 98.8 ± 7.6 | 0.051 | 95.1 ± 9.7 | 95.2 ± 8.6 | 0.932 |
WHR | 0.91 ± 0.08 | 0.91 ± 0.07 | 1.000 | 0.90 ± 0.05 | 0.90 ± 0.06 | 0.833 |
Left HGS (kg) | 28.9 ± 8.4 | 27.7 ± 9.1 | 0.266 | 29.0 ± 9.1 | 28.0 ± 9.8 | 0.070 |
Right HGS (kg) | 31.9 ± 11.1 | 29.9 ± 10.5 | 0.102 | 31.6 ± 10.9 | 30.4 ± 10.7 | 0.195 |
CI | 1.33 ± 0.07 | 1.33 ± 0.06 | 0.897 | 1.30 ± 0.09 | 1.30 ± 0.06 | 0.598 |
Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD). TRF, time-restricted feeding; CD, control diet; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SCR, serum creatinine; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; PCR, urinary protein/creatinine; Cys-C, cystatin-C. BMI, body mass index; ALB, albumin; TP, total protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; CRP, C-reactive protein; Na, serum sodium; P, serum phosphorus; Ca, serum calcium; K, serum potassium; Cl, serum chlorine; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; β-HB, beta hydroxybutyric acid; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; WBC, white blood cells; NEUT%, neutrophilic granulocyte percentage; LYM%, lymphocyte percentage; RBC, red blood cells; HB, hemoglobin; PLT, platelets; BFM, body fat mass; VFA, visceral fat area; FMI, fat mass index; PBF, percentage of body fat; FFM, fat free mass; SLM, soft lean mass; SMM, skeletal muscle mass; TBW, total body water; ICW, intracellular water; ECW, extracellular water; AC, arm circumference; TSF, triceps skinfold thickness; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; HGS, handgrip strength; CI, conicity index. p values < 0.05 are in boldface.