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. 2023 Mar 22;14:1096093. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1096093

Table 2.

Differences between the TRF group and the CD group, before and after treatment.

Variable TRF (n = 13) CD (n = 14)
Pre Post p-value Pre Post p-value
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) 36.7 ± 10.5 39.8 ± 11.1 0.056 44.2 ± 10.2 43.4 ± 9.7 0.513
SCR (μmol/L) 173.9 ± 52.5 163.0 ± 52.1 0.097 144.1 ± 34.5 145.4 ± 32.3 0.752
BUN (mmol/L) 9.0 ± 3.2 9.1 ± 2.9 0.889 8.9 ± 2.6 9.3 ± 2.8 0.030
UA (μmol/L) 450 ± 110.7 379.9 ± 84.6 0.062 399.1 ± 100.6 423.4 ± 108.5 0.256
PCR (g/g) 0.724 ± 0.662 0.795 ± 0.720 0.875 0.601 ± 0.466 0.730 ± 0.662 0.221
Cys-C (mg/L) 2.4 ± 0.8 1.9 ± 0.5 0.003 2.2 ± 0.4 1.9 ± 0.5 0.003
Weight (kg) 79.4 ± 10.6 76.6 ± 10.8 0.004 73.3 ± 10.5 72.9 ± 10.8 0.314
BMI (kg/m2) 29.3 ± 2.3 28.2 ± 2.1 0.007 28.0 ± 2.4 27.8 ± 2.3 0.231
ALB (g/L) 43.2 ± 5.0 43.9 ± 4.1 0.485 44.6 ± 4.7 42.8 ± 5.6 0.003
TP (g/L) 72.4 ± 5.8 74.1 ± 5.4 0.039 77.8 ± 11.3 77.7 ± 10.6 0.975
IL-6 (pg/mL) 5.1 ± 2.9 5.7 ± 2.9 0.028 5.2 ± 4.2 7.0 ± 5.1 0.019
TNF-α (pg/ml) 12.7 ± 5.3 10.0 ± 2.8 0.017 12.4 ± 5.1 11.8 ± 2.8 0.550
CRP (mg/L) 4.5 ± 4.7 2.8 ± 2.7 0.182 7.8 ± 17.6 9.1 ± 16.5 0.279
Na (mmol/L) 140.4 ± 1.8 140.7 ± 1.9 0.501 139.8 ± 2.2 139.4 ± 2.6 0.469
P (mmol/L) 1.19 ± 0.11 1.15 ± 0.14 0.695 1.16 ± 0.14 1.26 ± 0.16 0.004
Ca (mmol/L) 2.35 ± 0.08 2.40 ± 0.10 0.129 2.39 ± 0.13 2.39 ± 0.10 0.905
K (mmol/L) 4.24 ± 0.56 4.43 ± 0.44 0.196 4.45 ± 0.42 4.47 ± 0.48 0.875
Cl (mmol/L) 105.6 ± 2.6 105.0 ± 2.1 0.173 104.8 ± 2.6 104.8 ± 3.1 0.529
SBP (mmHg) 130.7 ± 11.3 130.9 ± 14.7 0.946 125.4 ± 15.7 127.9 ± 12.6 0.228
DBP (mmHg) 80.9 ± 6.0 79.7 ± 10.7 0.520 72.2 ± 9.1 71.6 ± 11.5 0.747
HR (beats/min) 71.5 ± 10.7 75.3 ± 11.2 0.404 76.1 ± 10.9 77.8 ± 9.3 0.586
FBG (mmol/L) 4.8 ± 0.7 5.2 ± 1.0 0.263 6.6 ± 2.9 5.7 ± 1.0 0.116
TC (mmol/L) 4.72 ± 1.43 4.30 ± 0.85 0.285 4.19 ± 0.91 4.33 ± 1.25 0.354
TG (mmol/L) 1.7 ± 0.8 1.6 ± 0.7 0.279 2.0 ± 1.0 2.0 ± 1.7 0.463
LDL (mmol/L) 3.05 ± 1.19 2.60 ± 0.77 0.220 2.43 ± 0.68 2.52 ± 0.88 0.485
HDL (mmol/L) 1.14 ± 0.28 1.23 ± 0.30 0.115 1.11 ± 0.30 1.15 ± 0.30 0.278
β-HB (mmol/L) 0.07 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.05 0.637 0.09 ± 0.09 0.11 ± 0.13 0.407
ALT (U/L) 24.2 ± 23.7 23.8 ± 24.0 0.529 22.6 ± 17.9 17.6 ± 11.1 0.013
AST (U/L) 19.1 ± 8.2 19.8 ± 8.6 0.454 24.4 ± 12.1 21.4 ± 7.2 0.340
WBC (10^9/L) 6.0 ± 1.8 5.9 ± 1.7 0.718 7.4 ± 1.7 7.3 ± 2.1 0.788
NEUT% 60.6 ± 7.8 61.7 ± 6.5 0.574 64.0 ± 8.8 62.5 ± 6.3 0.438
LYM% 29.0 ± 7.5 28.0 ± 5.8 0.507 25.5 ± 7.7 25.8 ± 5.6 0.854
RBC (10^12/L) 4.5 ± 0.6 4.6 ± 0.5 0.564 4.4 ± 0.7 4.4 ± 0.8 0.681
HB (g/L) 129.2 ± 20.8 131.9 ± 18.8 0.294 130.9 ± 22.5 130.3 ± 25.1 0.278
PLT (10^9/L) 228.4 ± 31.4 231.6 ± 38.3 0.345 261.7 ± 72.0 273.0 ± 77.6 0.109
BFM (kg) 27.7 ± 5.7 25.9 ± 4.8 0.014 24.5 ± 5.2 24.0 ± 5.3 0.470
VFA (cm2) 129.3 ± 34.9 120.9 ± 31.3 0.028 116.4 ± 32.8 111.7 ± 33.2 0.300
FMI 10.3 ± 2.2 9.6 ± 1.6 0.018 9.4 ± 2.2 9.2 ± 2.1 0.340
PBF% 34.9 ± 5.6 33.9 ± 4.3 0.055 33.6 ± 6.8 33.1 ± 6.0 0.593
FFM (kg) 51.8 ± 8.6 50.7 ± 8.3 0.016 48.8 ± 9.3 48.9 ± 8.9 0.921
SLM (kg) 48.9 ± 8.1 47.9 ± 7.9 0.012 46.1 ± 8.9 46.1 ± 8.5 0.928
SMM (kg) 28.5 ± 5.0 27.8 ± 4.8 0.010 26.8 ± 5.7 26.9 ± 5.4 0.740
TBW (L) 38.1 ± 6.4 37.3 ± 6.2 0.010 35.9 ± 6.9 35.9 ± 6.5 1.000
ICW (L) 23.4 ± 3.8 22.9 ± 3.7 0.011 22.1 ± 4.4 22.2 ± 4.2 0.745
ECW (L) 14.8 ± 2.6 14.5 ± 2.5 0.020 13.8 ± 2.5 13.8 ± 2.4 0.545
AC (cm) 32.6 ± 1.9 31.0 ± 2.0 0.000 31.6 ± 2.3 31.0 ± 2.7 0.111
TSF (cm) 2.2 ± 0.4 2.1 ± 0.6 0.714 2.2 ± 0.5 2.2 ± 0.8 0.972
WC (cm) 100.8 ± 8.3 98.8 ± 7.6 0.051 95.1 ± 9.7 95.2 ± 8.6 0.932
WHR 0.91 ± 0.08 0.91 ± 0.07 1.000 0.90 ± 0.05 0.90 ± 0.06 0.833
Left HGS (kg) 28.9 ± 8.4 27.7 ± 9.1 0.266 29.0 ± 9.1 28.0 ± 9.8 0.070
Right HGS (kg) 31.9 ± 11.1 29.9 ± 10.5 0.102 31.6 ± 10.9 30.4 ± 10.7 0.195
CI 1.33 ± 0.07 1.33 ± 0.06 0.897 1.30 ± 0.09 1.30 ± 0.06 0.598

Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD). TRF, time-restricted feeding; CD, control diet; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SCR, serum creatinine; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; PCR, urinary protein/creatinine; Cys-C, cystatin-C. BMI, body mass index; ALB, albumin; TP, total protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; CRP, C-reactive protein; Na, serum sodium; P, serum phosphorus; Ca, serum calcium; K, serum potassium; Cl, serum chlorine; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; β-HB, beta hydroxybutyric acid; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; WBC, white blood cells; NEUT%, neutrophilic granulocyte percentage; LYM%, lymphocyte percentage; RBC, red blood cells; HB, hemoglobin; PLT, platelets; BFM, body fat mass; VFA, visceral fat area; FMI, fat mass index; PBF, percentage of body fat; FFM, fat free mass; SLM, soft lean mass; SMM, skeletal muscle mass; TBW, total body water; ICW, intracellular water; ECW, extracellular water; AC, arm circumference; TSF, triceps skinfold thickness; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; HGS, handgrip strength; CI, conicity index. p values < 0.05 are in boldface.