Table 3.
Systematic review results relating to neurological manifestations in pre-schoolers and school-age children with COVID-19.
| Author | PN | Age/gender | Diagnosis | Initial NS | NE | Fever before NS | RS | LD | EEG | NCS | EMG | MRI-CT | CSF analysis | SD on CSF | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McAbee G | 1 | 11 y/M | Encephalitis | Status epilepticus | NA | yes | no | N | NP | NA | NA | N | A | NP | NA |
| Bhatta S | 1 | 11 y/M | Seizures | Generalised tonic-clonic seizure | N | yes | no | N | NP | NA | NA | N | NA | N | Levetiracetam |
| Enner S | 1 | 14 y/F | Encephalopathy | Generalised tonic-clonic seizure and apnoeic episodes | N | yes | yes | N | A | NA | NA | N | N | N | NA |
| Abdel -Mannan O | 1 | 9 y/M | Encephalitis | Confusion; ataxia; dysarthria; headache | NA | yes | yes | A | A | NA | NP | A | A | NP | NA |
| Abdel – Mannan O | 1 | 8 y/M | Encephalitis | Confusion and agitation; meningism; headache | NA | yes | yes | N | A | NP | A | A | A | NP | NA |
| Vraka K | 1 | 10 y/F | Encephalitis | Vomiting and lethargy | NA | yes | yes | N | N | NA | NA | A | A | N | NA |
| Khair A | 1 | 8 y/M | Convulsive status epilepticus | Seizure | NA | no | no | N | A | NA | NA | NP | N | NP | Lorazepam; Levetiracetam |
| Khalifa M | 1 | 11 y/M | GBS | Unsteady gait; inability to walk; tingling sensation in legs | A | yes | no | A | NP | A | NP | A | A | NP | IVIG |
| Goel N | 1 | 3 y/M | GBS | Progressive weakness of the distal lower extremities | A | yes | no | N | NP | A | NP | NP | NP | NP | IVIG |
| Manzo M | 1 | 6 y/M | ADEM | Generalised tonic-clonic seizure | NA | no | no | N | A | NP | NP | A | A | NP | Steroids |
| Maria A | 1 | 12 y/F | ADEM | Motor weakness and legs numbness | A | yes | yes | A | NP | NP | NP | A | A | N | NA |
| Roussel A | 1 | 6 y/? | Cranial polyneuropathy | Bilateral facial palsy, left trigeminal hypoesthesia, and voice changes | A | yes | yes | N | NP | NP | NP | A | N | N | IVIG, Remdesivir, Tocilizumab |
| Theophanous C | 1 | 6 y/M | Bell’s palsy | Right sided facial droop | A | no | no | A | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | IVIG |
| Ippolito Bastidas H | 1 | 13 y/F | Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis | Impaired consciousness and intense headache | A | yes | no | A | NP | NP | NP | A | NP | NP | Anticoagulant |
| Gulko E | 1 | 13 y/F | Focal cerebral Arteriopathy of childhood-inflammatory type | Headache, speech difficulties and weakness of extremities | A | yes | no | N | NP | NP | NP | A | N | N | NA |
| Mirzaee S | 1 | 12 y/M | Focal cerebral Arteriopathy of childhood | Generalised seizures, right-sided hemiparesis and dysarthria | NA | no | no | A | NP | NP | NP | A | A | P | NA |
| Savic D | 1 | 13 y/F | Pseudoaneurysm of the left middle cerebral artery | Right side weakness | A | no | no | N | NP | NP | NP | A | NP | NP | NA |
| Poisson K.E. | 1 | 8 y/F | Cerebral Vasculitis | Left hemiparesis | A | yes | no | A | NP | NP | NP | A | NA | NA | Steroids, plasmapheresis, cyclophosphamide |
| Arslan G. | 1 | 5 y/F | PRES | Encephalopathy, vision loss and generalised tonic-clonic seizures | N | yes | yes | A | NP | NP | NP | A | NP | NP | Levetiracetam |
| Korkmazer B. | 1 | 10 y/M | PRES | Seizures | yes | yes | A | NP | NP | NP | A | NP | NP | Levetiracetam and phenytoin |
PN: Patient Number; NE: Neurological examination; NS: neurological signs; RS: Respiratory support; LD: Laboratory data; EEG: Electroencephalography; EMG: Electromyography; NCS: Nerve Conduction Study; CSF: Cerebrospinal Fluid; SD: SARS-CoV-2 Detection; NP: Not performed; NA: Not available; A: abnormal; N: normal; GBS: Guillain-Barré Syndrome; ADEM: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis; PRES: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; IVIG: Intravenous immunoglobulin.