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. 2023 Apr 18;13:6290. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-33101-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The 2-HT eyewitness identification model^32,34. The rounded rectangles on the left represent the lineup types presented to the participants: culprit-present and culprit-absent lineups. The parameters attached to the branches of the trees denote transition probabilities of the latent cognitive processes postulated by the model (dP: probability of detecting the presence of the culprit; b: probability of biased selection of the suspect; g: probability of guessing-based selection among the lineup members; dA: probability of detecting the absence of the culprit). Lineup size represents the number of persons in the lineup. The rectangles on the right side show the categories of the observable responses.