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. 2023 Apr 18;13:6311. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-33176-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Population structure analysis: (top) Principal component analysis demonstrating that the isolates from the Bijagós (in purple) cluster with other isolates from West Africa (in orange and yellow). Generated using pairwise genetic distance matrices containing 1,326,629 SNPs from 795 isolates. (bottom) Neighbour-Joining tree for the samples and SNPs described above. Isolates were sampled from Central Africa (Gabon, n = 57), West Africa (Ivory Coast n = 70, The Gambia n = 148, Bijagós Archipelago Guinea-Bissau (n = 15), East Africa (Kenya n = 138, Uganda n = 17), Southeast Africa (Malawi n = 149, Madagascar n = 24), South Central Africa (DRC n = 150) and Horn of Africa (Eritrea n = 27). Bijagós isolates (indicated with purple arrows) are found interspersed with samples from West Africa (orange and yellow).