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. 2022 Apr 8;392(1):247–267. doi: 10.1007/s00441-022-03621-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Schematic diagram showing different mechanisms of prion spread. Possible mechanisms of pathogenic prion protein (PrP^TSE) spread to the brain from distal organs include extracellular vesicle (EV)–mediated transfer (1) or retrograde transfer across vagus and splanchnic nerves (2). The intercellular PrP^TSE transfer involves cell–cell contact a, tunnelling nanotubules b and EVs c. This figure was generated using Biorender