TABLE 2.
Part A: Acute, Short-term Physiological Responses of CrossFit® training.
| References (year) | Sample (n); Profile experience time | Age (years) | Protocol of CrossFit® training; Accordance | Data collection | Main findings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dias et al. (2022) | Males (n = 15); ≥ 6 months of CrossFit® experience |
26.0 ± 6.5 | 7 CrossFit® training sessions (60 min) consisting of mobility, warm-up, skill, and WOD segment; according to the CrossFit® training programming template | Pre, (during) and Post | Mobility: | HRavg (% HRmax) = 49.2 ± 6.5; RPE = 2.7 ± 0.6 |
| Warm-up: | HRavg (% HRmax) = 63.1 ± 8.5; RPE = 5.6 ± 0.9 | |||||
| Skill: | HRavg (% HRmax) = 67.1 ± 7.1; RPE = 7.3 ± 1.1 | |||||
| WOD: | HRavg (% HRmax) = 81 ± 5.8; RPE = 9.8 ± 0.4 | |||||
| Total: | HRavg (% HRmax) = 65.1 ± 5.4; RPE = 6.4 ± 0.5 | |||||
| Meier et al. (2022a) | Participants (male = 18; female = 9); beginner (B) ≤ 6 months (n = 8) and experienced (E) > 6 months CrossFit® experience (n = 19) | 30.9 ± 4.2 | 4 CrossFit® training sessions (60 min) consisting of warm-up and movement demonstrations (WU-part), skill and power training (A-part), and WOD (B-part); sessions in an affiliated training center | Pre, (during) and post | Warm-up: | HRavg (% HRmax) = 57.25 ± 7.5 (B); 59.97 ± 7.3 (E) ↔ |
| A-part: | HRavg (% HRmax) = 61.78 ± 9.1 (B); 65.37 ± 7.6 (E) ↔ | |||||
| B-part: | HRavg (% HRmax) = 86.92 ± 5.3 (B); 87.77 ± 4.5 (E) ↔ | |||||
| Total: | HRavg (% HRmax) = 67.84 ± 6.2 (B); 70.00 ± 5.1 (E) ↔ TL/h = 147.8 ± 28.6 (B); 157.1 ± 24.4 (E) ↔ |
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| Garcia-Fernandez et al. (2021) | Participants (male = 24; female = 4); > 18 months of strength training experience | 28.7 ± 6.4 | Single FFT session (general warm-up, active mobility, specific FFT-warm up, and FFT-workout); guided by a professional qualified in sports science, and exercise descriptions from the 2021 iF3 movements standards | Pre, post, post′4, post′10, and post′20 | HR | ↑ postexercise (Post: 181.81 ± 8.2 bpm; Avg: 171.52 ± 9.8 bpm) |
| BLC | ↑ postexercise (Post: 15.23 ± 3.6 mmol/l) | |||||
| RPE | ↑ postexercise (Post: 15.67 ± 2.0) | |||||
| CMJ | ↓ Reductions in mechanical variables decreased at post′4, post′10, and post′20 | |||||
| Carreker et al. (2020) | Males (n = 11); ≥ 6 months of CrossFit® experience | 27.2 ± 3.3 | CrossFit® ‘Murph’-WOD (approx. 45 min); “Hero”-WOD according to official CrossFit® website | Pre and post | HR | ↑ postexercise (Peak: 185.63 ± 7.6 bpm: Avg: 168.81 ± 6.4 bpm) |
| BLC | ↑ postexercise (Post: 10.01 ± 3.0 mmol/l; Change: 7.60 ± 3.50 mmol/l) |
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| Cavedon et al. (2020) | Males (Higher Training, HT = 13; Lower Training, LT = 11); ≥ 1 year of CrossFit® training experience | 28.2 ± 3.4 | Specific CrossFit®-warm-up followed by ‘Fran’-WOD; “Hero”-WOD according to official CrossFit® website, and supervised and scored by a certified CrossFit® Level 1 trainer | Pre, post, and post′15 | HRavg | LT (% HRmax) = 94.1 ± 3.7; HT = 92.7 ± 5.3 ↔ |
| HRpeak | LT (% HRmax) = 98.3 ± 3.7; HT = 97.4 ± 5.3 ↔ | |||||
| BLC | Pre (LT;HT): 2.0 ± 1.0; 2.0 ± 0.9 mmol/l ↔ Post (LT;HT): 14.6 ± 2.4; 14.8 ± 2.3 mmol/l ↔ Post′15 (LT;HT): 12.8 ± 2.0; 13.8 ± 2.2 mmol/l ↔ |
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| BGC | Pre (LT;HT): 74.3 ± 17.0; 69.4 ± 13.8 mg/dl ↔ Post (LT;HT): 97.4 ± 27.1; 90.8 ± 31.1 mg/dl ↔ Post′15 (LT;HT): 108.8 ± 24.1; 97.9 ± 23.4 mg/dl ↔ |
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| Faelli et al. (2020) | Males (CrossFit® = 10; resistance training, RT = 10); > 1 year of experience in CrossFit® or resistance Training | CrossFit® group 24.6 ± 3.4 (RT group 26.3 ± 3.6) | 24 CrossFit® training sessions (60 min) consisting of Warm-up and mobility, WOD, and Cool-Down; sessions in an affiliated training center and supervised by a certified CrossFit® Level 1 trainer | Pre and post′30 | Cortisol | ↑ Pre: 6.14 ± 0.7; Post′30: 19.94 ± 0.9 μg/dl (RT: ↓) |
| IL-1ß | ↓ Pre: 17.04 ± 0.2; Post′30: 7.94 ± 0.3 pg/ml (RT: ↓) | |||||
| Uric acid | ↑ Pre: 8.68 ± 0.6; Post′30: 11.62 ± 0.4 mg/dl (RT: ↑) | |||||
| Cronin et al. (2016) | Participants (male = 30; female = 20); well-trained | Males 30.7 ± 9.9; females 29.5 ± 8.3 | 3 CrossFit® training sessions (30-47 min); sessions in two affiliated training centers | Pre and post | Sweat loss | ↑ in men vs. women (Men: 0.894 ± 03 l; women: 0.525 ± 0.2 l) |
| Rate | ↑ in men vs. women (Men: 1.663 ± 0.5 l/h; women: 0.886 ± 0.3 l/h) |
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| %BM | ↑ in men vs. women (Men: 0.99 ± 0.3%; women: 0.78 ± 0.2%) |
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| Fluid intake | ↔ Men: 0.592 ± 0.2 l; women: 0.565 ± 0.2 l | |||||
| Fluid replacement | ↑ in women vs. men (Men: 75.1 ± 46.8%; women: 127.8 ± 82.1%) |
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| Tibana et al. (2016) | Men (n = 9); trained > 6 months | 26.7 ± 6.6 | 2 training sessions consisting of strength and power exercises, gymnastic movements, and metabolic conditioning (AMRAP-workout); members of extreme conditioning program community | Pre, post, and 24-h and 48-h post | BLC | ↑ (Session 1: 1.20 ± 0.41 to 11.84 ± 1.34; Session 2: 0.94 ± 0.34 to 9.05 ± 2.56 mmol/l) |
| BGC | ↑ (Session 1: 81.59 ± 10.27 to 114.99 ± 12.52; Session 2: 69.47 ± 6.97 to 89.95 ± 19.26 mg/dl) | |||||
| IL-6 | ↑ post-training session 1 and 2 | |||||
| IL-10 | ↑ post-training session 1 | |||||
| Osteoprotegerin | = post-training session 1 and 2 | |||||
Abbreviations: AMRAP, As many rounds as possible ; Avg, Average; HRavg, Average heart rate ; B, Beginner; BGC, Blood glucose concentration; BLC, Blood lactate concentration; BM, Body mass; CMJ, Countermovement jump; FFT, Functional fitness training ; E, Experienced athletes ; HT, Higher-Training group ; IL, Interleukin; iF3, International Functional Fitness Federation ; LT, Lower-Training group; HRmax, Maximal Heart rate ; RPE, Rating of perceived exertion ; RT, Resistance training group ; TL, Training load; WOD, Workout of the Day.