Table 2.

Summary of reinforcement of various materials using different natural fibers and binding materials.

Type of fiber	Type of matrix	Fiber quantity (wt.%)	Fiber length (mm)	Advantages	Refs.
Date palm fiber	Concrete	2.5–7	50	Enhanced compressive & flexural strength	[112]
	PE & PP	5–20	2.5–10	Increased hardness & impact	[52]
	Concrete & Fumed silica	0–3	20–30	Improved compressive strength, water absorption capacity & heat resistance	[51,53]
	EPS	70–80	0.1–1	Improved density & thermal conductivity	[59]
	Clay & HDPE	0–25	2–3	Improved thermal stability	[113]
Bamboo chips	Soil	0–5	20–30	Increased shear strength	[74]
Jute fibers	PE & Clay	5–20	3	Better tensile properties	[114]
	GBFS & Clay	0–1.5	15	Better ductility & toughness	[115]
	Lime & Clay	0.5–1.5	15	Improved compressive strength, material stiffness & ductility	[83]
	Nano clay & epoxy composites	0-25 of fiber 1-7 of clay	10–40	Higher tensile, flexural & impact strength	[85]
Bagasse fiber	Adobe bricks	10–50	0–3	Increased compressive strength & water stability	[89]
	Hydrated lime & Expansive soil	0.5–2	0.3–13.8	Increased compressive strength & curing time	[116]
Bagasse ash	Hydrated lime & soil	4.5–13.5	–	Better stability of soil	[117]
Sisal fiber	rPP & nano clay	10-40 of fiber 1-5 of clay	5	Increased tensile, impact strength & tensile modulus	[96]
	Silty clay	0.5–1.5	5–15	20% improved soil strength	[118]
Waste coffee beans	Clay paste	5–20	–	Increased porosity, water absorption capacity & firing temperature	[108]
	PVA	1–3	–	Increased tensile strength & young's modulus	[106]
	Light weight clay	5–17	–	Improved compressive strength	[119]

PE= Polyethylene, PP= Polypropylene, PVA= Polyvinyl alcohol, HDPE= High density polyethylene, GBFS = ground-granulated blast-furnace slag, EPS = Expanded polystyrene wastes, rPP = Recycled polypropylene.