Table 4.

Physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of different natural fibers.

Type of fiber	Cellulose (%)	Hemicellulose (%)	Lignin (%)	Moisture (%)	Ash (%)	Modulus (GPa)	Tensile strength (MPa)	Density (g/cc)	Refs.
Bagasse	45	30	25	55	1–9	17	290	1.25	[133,134]
Date palm leaf	54.75	20	15.30	26–30	1.75	7	203	0.9	[135,136]
Pineapple leaf	69.5	19.5	4.4	13	19.5	11.84	159	1.32	[122,137]
Jute	61–72	18–22.4	12–13	12–14	0.5–2	10–30	393–770	1.46	[138]
Flax	64–72	19–21	2–2.2	8–12	3.4	60–80	800–1500	1.4–1.5	[139]
Sisal	78–80	10–12	8–10	11	1–2	38	600–700	1.45	[140]
Hemp	69.5–73.5	18–22.5	4–6	6.2–12	0.8	70	550–900	1.48	[141]
Date palm wood	24–82	20–22	26–33	15–20	1.5–5.5	3–8.5	90–213	0.16–0.63	[142,143]
Hard wood	43–47	17–38	25–35	8–25	0.56–0.89	5–16	51–121	0.3–0.88	[144,145]
Soft wood	40–44	22–40	25–29	13.7–46.7	2.6–18.3	4–14	46–111	0.3–0.59	[146]
Coconut fiber	22–45	1–3	40–48	60–80	0.5–1.5	3–26	90–175	0.88–1.36	[147,148]
Oil palm fiber	23–65	20–34	14.1–30.5	12–15	4.7	0.44–1.9	65–220	1.24	[67,149]
Kenaf fiber	50–80	21–35	5–20	20	5.4	14.5–73	230–1000	1.2–1.4	[150,151]
Alfa fiber	38.8–47.6	22.1–38.5	14.9–24	13	2–7.2	0.18–0.3	18–25	1.4	[152]
Cotton fiber	88–96	5–12	0.4–1	5.3	1.3	0.29–0.8	5.5–13	1.5–1.6	[153,154]