TABLE 2.
Direct and indirect opportunity costs a per 30‐day basis at baseline, 6 months, and 36 months: Amyloid [+] MCI versus MILD. b
| Baseline | 6 months | 36 months | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Description | MCI | MILD | MCI | MILD | MCI | MILD |
| Patients | N = 300 | N = 317 | N = 257 | N = 281 | N = 154 | N = 165 |
| Direct medical resources | ||||||
| LS mean estimated cost c (SE), USD (2017) | 1080 (142) | 954 (138) | 786 (83) | 835 (79) | 701 (113) | 730 (109) |
| 95% CI | [801, 1359] | [683, 1225] | [624, 948] | [679, 990] | [479, 924] | [515, 945] |
| Estimated LS mean change from 6 months (SE) | –87 (123) | –59 (118) | ||||
| 95% CI | [−329, 155] | [−291, 173] | ||||
| Median | 392 | 537 | 438 | 716 | 482 | 655 |
| Range | 0, 30,433 | 0, 16,693 | 0, 23,588 | 0, 11,302 | 0, 21,572 | 0, 5794 |
| Direct non‐medical resources | ||||||
| LS mean estimated cost (SE), USD (2017) | 222 (112) | 295 (109) | 175 (121) | 179 (116) | 140 (157) | 390 (151) |
| 95% CI | [2, 443] | [81, 509] | [−63, 413] | [−49, 406] | [−167, 447] | [93, 687] |
| Estimated LS mean change from 6 months (SE) | –34 (78) | 229 (74) | ||||
| 95% CI | [−187, 119] | [82, 375] | ||||
| Median | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Range | 0, 6069 | 0, 10,390 | 0, 5013 | 0, 7000 | 0, 5000 | 0, 7500 |
| Study partners | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct medical resources | N = 300 | N = 316 | N = 257 | N = 281 | N = 154 | N = 165 |
| LS mean estimated cost (SE), USD (2017) | 410 (292) | 861 (284) | 285 (61) | 389 (58) | 169 (73) | 311 (72) |
| 95% CI | [−163, 983] | [304, 1419] | [165, 404] | [274, 504] | [11, 327] | [157, 465] |
| Estimated LS mean change from 6 months (SE) | –118 (94) | –41 (91) | ||||
| 95% CI | [−307, 72] | [−222, 141] | ||||
| Median | 247 | 168 | 177 | 125 | 17 | 17 |
| Range | 0, 8452 | 0, 16,763 | 0, 4751 | 0, 15,105 | 0, 4094 | 0, 6181 |
| Indirect non‐medical resources d | N = 300 | N = 317 | N = 249 | N = 273 | N = 145 | N = 160 |
| LS mean estimated cost (SD), USD (2017) | 718 (111) | 1953 (108) | 720 (94) | 1655 (91) | 961 (114) | 1964 (110) |
| 95% CI | [501, 935] | [1741, 2164] | [535, 905] | [1477, 1834] | [736, 1185] | [1748, 2180] |
| Estimated LS mean change from 6 months (SE) | 177 (127) | 223 (120) | ||||
| 95% CI | [−72, 426] | [−12, 458] | ||||
| Median | 59 | 973 | 177 | 995 | 664 | 1659 |
| Range | 0, 7963 | 0, 13,272 | 0, 8627 | 0, 11,281 | 0, 7963 | 0, 7786 |
Abbreviations: +, positive; CI, confidence interval; LS, least squares; MCI, mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease; MILD, mild dementia due to Alzheimer's disease; MMRM, mixed‐model repeated measures; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error; USD, US dollars.
All cost estimates are derived from the Resource Utilization in Dementia scale. Opportunity cost sums lost productive hours and multiplies them by the national average annual gross hourly wage for workers and by lost leisure time for non‐workers (35% of hourly wage for workers). MMRM was used to estimate the cost by time and disease severity and their interaction in the model. The MMRM model was fitted at baseline, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months.
The classification of MCI and MILD is based on the baseline assessment.
LS mean cost estimates are presented as per person per month.
Costs based on informal caregiver time and work loss.