Table 1.

Measurement and assessment approaches of organizational resilience

Author/s, year	Format of the approach	Type of shock/challenge	Stage of resilience	Nature of output	Purpose
Adini et al. 2012 [37]	Structured evaluation tool	Various types of emergencies (mass casualty events, toxicological and chemical events, and biological events such as pandemics and bio-terror agents)	Pre-shock	Overall preparedness for emergencies score for each hospital	Formative, diagnostic
Awad and Cocchio, 2015 [38]	An electronic cross-sectional survey	Mass casualty events	Pre-shock	Percentages and frequencies describing preparedness level of hospital pharmacy for each survey question	Formative
Bin Shalhoub et al. 2017 [39]	Questionnaire based on the WHO toolkit for assessing health-system capacity for crisis management and WHO hospital emergency response checklist	Mass casualty events	Pre-shock	Percentages and frequencies describing preparedness level of hospitals for each question or area of the questionnaire	Formative, diagnostic
Higgins et al. 2004 [40]	A survey instrument based on the Mass Casualty Disaster Plan Checklist and a brief supplemental bioterrorism preparedness survey based on a checklist developed for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality	Mass casualty events	Pre-shock	Percentages and frequencies describing preparedness level of hospitals	Formative, diagnostic
Traub et al. 2007 [41]	Hospital surge capacity survey	Mass casualties as a result of terrorism or natural disasters	Pre-shock	Numbers of operating theatres, ICU beds and x-ray machines required according to the predictor of numbers of mass casualties	Formative, summative
Aladhrai et al. 2015 [42]	WHO Hospital emergency response checklist	Man-made conflicts (2011 Yemeni revolution)	Pre- and post-shock (comparing the level of preparedness in 2011 with that in 2013)	Overall preparedness score for each hospital Hospitals categorised as unacceptable, insufficient or effective, based on the overall score	Formative, diagnostic
Ardalan et al. 2016 [43]	Farsi version of the WHO Hospital Safety Index (FHSI)	Disasters	Pre-shock	Overall score of hospital safety Hospitals categorised to three safety classes: low, average, and high based on the total score	Formative, diagnostic
Djalali et al. 2013 [44]	The Functional Capacity module of the WHO Hospital Safety Index (HSI)	Disasters	Pre- and during the shock	Functional capacity score for each hospital Hospitals categorised as: (1) will function during a disaster; (2) at risk, interventional measures are needed; (3) inadequate, urgent intervention is needed	Formative, diagnostic
Zhong et al. 2014 [45]	A framework and derived questionnaire for measuring hospital disaster resilience	Disasters	Pre-, during and after	Overall hospital resilience score, hospitals classified as extremely resilient to disasters; extremely impacted upon in a disaster; or have greater difficulty in recovering based on the overall score	Formative, diagnostic
Janati et al. 2017 [46]	WHO hospital emergency response checklist	Disasters	Pre-shock	Percentages and frequencies describing preparedness level of hospitals	Formative, diagnostic
Naser et al. 2018 [47]	WO Hospital Emergency Response Checklist	Disasters	Pre-shock	Overall emergency preparedness and response score for each hospital Hospitals categorised as unacceptable, insufficient, or effective	Formative, diagnostic
Hosseini et al. 2019 [48]	Questionnaire based on the WHO Hospital Safety Index (HSI) and the assessment of vulnerability elements at hospitals developed by Mulyasari et al. (2013) Data analysed using TOPSIS technique	Unexpected disasters and events	Pre-shock	Hospitals ranked based on disaster preparedness scores	Formative, diagnostic
Khazaei Monfared et al. 2017 [49]	WHO Hospital Safety Index translated to Farsi and adapted to Iran’s context by Ardalan et al. (2016)	Unexpected disasters (floods, earthquakes, severe weather changes, bioterrorism, and epidemics)	Pre-shock	Hospital safety score for each hospital Hospitals categorised as low safety, medium safety and high safety based on the safety score	Formative, diagnostic
Cimellaro et al. 2017 [50]	Discrete event simulation (DES) models	Disasters and other emergencies	During-shock	Model of an emergency department’s performance based on different parameters	Formative
Shirali et al. 2016 [51]	Questionnaire based on the seven dimensions of resilience engineering	Natural and man-made disasters	Pre-, during and post-shock	Average scores for each indicator related to the hospital in different crisis management phases	Formative, summative and diagnostic
Ul-Haq et al. 2019 [52]	WHO Toolkit for assessing health system capacity for crisis management (user manual and assessment form)	Natural or manmade, predictable or unpredictable disasters	Pre-shock	Percentages and frequencies describing preparedness level of hospitals for different indicators Healthcare facilities categorised as acceptable, partial or inadequate	Formative, diagnostic
Sobhani et al. 2014 [53]	A standard checklist	Natural disasters	Pre-shock	Overall level of preparedness against disasters for each hospital Hospitals categorised into very poor; poor; moderate; good; and very good	Formative, diagnostic
Brevard et al. 2008 [54]	Direct observation and recording of events from within the hospital before, during, and after the storm; retrospective review of the hospital master disaster plan and a survey of key staff present during and post-storm	Hurricanes	Pre-, during- and post-shock	Percentages and frequencies describing preparedness level; qualitative description of events from before, during, and after the storm; survey responses rated on a scale of three: completely inadequate, partially adequate, completely adequate	Formative, diagnostic and summative
Rios et al. 2021 [55]	Interviews with healthcare professionals Data analysed using Kruk et al.’s resilience framework	Hurricanes	Post-shock	Qualitative description of the key factors that led to a poorly resilient hospital and health system	Formative, summative
Cimellaro et al. 2010 [56]	A comprehensive model to quantify disaster resilience	Earthquakes	Pre-, during and post-shock	Loss estimation models and recovery models that can be applied to complex systems of structures and infrastructure networks	Formative
Jacques et al. 2014 [57]	Damage and loss-of-function survey tool Data analysed using fault-tree method	Earthquakes	Pre-, during and post-disaster	Descriptions of the loss of functionality of physical systems, the impact to healthcare services and support services, and the sharing of resources and transfer of patients in a hospital system; Variation in hospital functionality over time	Formative
Miniati and Iasio, 2012 [58]	The theory of complex systems analysis with the use of an input–output inoperability (Leontief) model and a rapid seismic vulnerability assessment with the field data collection using the WHO evaluation forms	Earthquakes	During-shock	Description of the hospital response evaluation with a focus on capacity to cope during an earthquake disaster based on different scenarios	Formative, diagnostic
Mulyasari et al. 2013 [59]	Questionnaire based on the WHO Hospital Safety Index (HSI) and the assessment of vulnerability elements at hospitals	Earthquakes	Pre-shock	Description of responses of the hospitals concerning the different preparedness indicators and past disaster experiences	Formative, diagnostic
Yavari et al. 2010 [60]	Predictive model for estimating the post-disaster ability to provide services	Earthquakes	Post-shock	A practical model for estimating the functionality of hospitals after an earthquake	Formative
Paterson et al. 2014 [61]	A climate change resiliency assessment toolkit (checklist, a facilitator’s guide for administering the checklist, and a resource guidebook to inform adaptation)	Climate change impact (extreme weather events)	Pre-shock	The degree to which healthcare facility is resilient to current climate variability and future climate change based upon included indicators	Formative, diagnostic
Ten Eyck, 2008 [62]	Standardized data form evaluating surge response plans The surge in demand was calculated using the FluAid and FluSurge tools	Hospital surge capacity as a result of avian flu pandemic	Pre- and during-shock	Cumulative surge capacity for the region Percentages and frequencies for each of the six categories of resources	Formative
Sharma and Sharma 2020 [63]	A semi-structured online questionnaire and available published and unpublished data for situation analysis	Pandemics (Covid-19 pandemic)	Pre-shock	Percentages and frequencies describing preparedness level of hospitals for each question or area of the questionnaire	Formative, diagnostic
Prateepko and Chongsuvivatwong, 2012 [64]	A checklist for health care facilities based on the WHO checklist for influenza pandemic preparedness planning, the preparedness checklist for long-term care facilities, other international infection control and preparedness checklists	Influenza pandemic	Pre-shock	Description of responses of the healthcare facilities concerning the different preparedness areas	Formative, diagnostic
Dewar et al. 2014 [65]	Questionnaire and semi-structured interviews	Pandemic influenza	Pre-shock	Percentages and frequencies describing preparedness level of hospitals and common themes emerging from interviews	Formative
Ambat and Vyas, 2020 [66]	Semi-structured questionnaire	Emerging infectious disease	Pre-shock	Percentages and frequencies describing preparedness level of hospitals	Formative
Gilson et al. 2017 [67]	Document reviews, in-depth interviews, group discussions and observations	Routine challenges	Pre-, during- and post-challenge	Qualitative description of different types of strategies and organizational capacities in nurturing everyday resilience	Formative, summative and diagnostic
Gilson et al. 2020 [68]	Observations, in-depth interviews, analysis of meeting minutes and secondary data Analysis of data based on the everyday health system resilience (EHSR) framework	Chronic stress of large-scale organizational change	Pre-, during- and post-challenge	Qualitative description of different types of strategies and organizational capacities in nurturing everyday resilience	Formative, summative and diagnostic
Kagwanja et al. 2020 [69]	Observations, reflective meetings and in-depth interviews with middle-level managers and peripheral facility managers Data were analysed considering each element of the everyday health system resilience (EHSR) framework	Chronic stressors	Pre-, during-and post-challenge	Qualitative description of different types of absorptive, adaptive and transformative strategies and organizational capacities in nurturing everyday resilience adopted	Formative, summative and diagnostic
Crowe et al. 2014 [70]	A model and prototype software tool	Disruptions due to service reconfigurations	During-and after challenge	Model of the impact of different patterns of disruption to healthcare resources and infrastructure on health services	Formative
Davis et al. 2020 [71]	Modelling framework	Hospital overcrowding	During-shock	Model quantifying the impact of each contributing component on hospitals	Formative