Table 2. Hazard Ratios for the Association Between Maternal HDP and Overall High RE and Specific Types of High RE in Offspring.
| Outcome, exposure | Cases, No. | Rate, per 1000 person-years | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusteda | |||
| Overall RE | ||||
| No maternal HDP | 15559 | 0.46 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Maternal HDP | ||||
| Overall | 946 | 0.70 | 1.49 (1.40-1.59) | 1.39 (1.31-1.49) |
| Preeclampsia or eclampsia | ||||
| Overall | 666 | 0.69 | 1.49 (1.38-1.61) | 1.44 (1.33-1.55) |
| Preeclampsia | 661 | 0.69 | 1.50 (1.38-1.62) | 1.44 (1.33-1.56) |
| Moderate | 426 | 0.59 | 1.28 (1.16-1.41) | 1.27 (1.16-1.40) |
| Severe | 160 | 1.02 | 2.18 (1.86-2.54) | 1.89 (1.62-2.21) |
| HELLP syndrome | 28 | 1.55 | 3.14 (2.16-4.54) | 2.15 (1.48-3.12) |
| Unspecified | 47 | 0.79 | 1.73 (1.30-2.30) | 1.74 (1.31-2.32) |
| Eclampsia | NRb | 0.53 | 1.14 (0.48-2.75) | 1.06 (0.44-2.54) |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Overall | 280 | 0.71 | 1.48 (1.32-1.67) | 1.31 (1.16-1.47) |
| Pregestational hypertension | 130 | 0.81 | 1.66 (1.40-1.98) | 1.29 (1.09-1.53) |
| Gestational hypertension | 150 | 0.64 | 1.36 (1.16-1.59) | 1.32 (1.12-1.55) |
| Hypermetropia | ||||
| No maternal HDP | 11201 | 0.33 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Maternal HDP | ||||
| Overall | 707 | 0.52 | 1.54 (1.42-1.66) | 1.41 (1.30-1.52) |
| Preeclampsia or eclampsia | ||||
| Overall | 485 | 0.50 | 1.51 (1.38-1.65) | 1.43 (1.31-1.57) |
| Preeclampsia | 481 | 0.50 | 1.51 (1.38-1.66) | 1.44 (1.31-1.57) |
| Moderate | 308 | 0.43 | 1.29 (1.15-1.44) | 1.27 (1.13-1.42) |
| Severe | 119 | 0.76 | 2.23 (1.86-2.67) | 1.91 (1.59-2.29) |
| HELLP syndrome | 19 | 1.05 | 2.81 (1.79-4.41) | 1.82 (1.16-2.86) |
| Unspecified | 35 | 0.59 | 1.80 (1.29-2.51) | 1.82 (1.30-2.53) |
| Eclampsia | NRb | 0.42 | 1.27 (0.48-3.39) | 1.17 (0.44-3.13) |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Overall | 222 | 0.56 | 1.60 (1.40-1.83) | 1.36 (1.19-1.55) |
| Pregestational hypertension | 108 | 0.68 | 1.85 (1.53-2.24) | 1.37 (1.13-1.66) |
| Gestational hypertension | 114 | 0.48 | 1.42 (1.18-1.71) | 1.35 (1.12-1.62) |
| Myopia | ||||
| No maternal HDP | 2843 | 0.08 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Maternal HDP | ||||
| Overall | 150 | 0.11 | 1.32 (1.12-1.56) | 1.30 (1.10-1.53) |
| Preeclampsia or eclampsia | ||||
| Overall | 114 | 0.12 | 1.40 (1.16-1.69) | 1.36 (1.13-1.65) |
| Preeclampsia | 113 | 0.12 | 1.40 (1.16-1.69) | 1.37 (1.13-1.65) |
| Moderate | 69 | 0.10 | 1.13 (0.89-1.43) | 1.13 (0.89-1.43) |
| Severe | 27 | 0.17 | 2.05 (1.40-3.00) | 1.84 (1.26-2.70) |
| HELLP syndrome | 7 | 0.38 | 5.13 (2.45-10.75) | 4.47 (2.13-9.40) |
| Unspecified | 10 | 0.17 | 1.96 (1.05-3.65) | 1.93 (1.03-3.58) |
| Eclampsia | NRb | 0.11 | 1.25 (0.18-8.91) | 1.14 (0.16-8.11) |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Overall | 36 | 0.09 | 1.13 (0.81-1.57) | 1.13 (0.81-1.57) |
| Pregestational hypertension | 13 | 0.08 | 1.05 (0.61-1.81) | 1.00 (0.58-1.73) |
| Gestational hypertension | 23 | 0.10 | 1.18 (0.78-1.78) | 1.22 (0.81-1.83) |
| Astigmatism | ||||
| No maternal HDP | 2513 | 0.07 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Maternal HDP | ||||
| Overall | 148 | 0.11 | 1.45 (1.23-1.71) | 1.45 (1.22-1.71) |
| Preeclampsia or eclampsia | ||||
| Overall | 108 | 0.11 | 1.50 (1.23-1.81) | 1.53 (1.26-1.86) |
| Preeclampsia | 108 | 0.11 | 1.51 (1.25-1.83) | 1.55 (1.27-1.88) |
| Moderate | 64 | 0.09 | 1.19 (0.93-1.52) | 1.26 (0.98-1.62) |
| Severe | 28 | 0.18 | 2.37 (1.63-3.43) | 2.15 (1.48-3.12) |
| HELLP syndrome | NRb | 0.22 | 2.89 (1.08-7.70) | 2.15 (0.81-5.74) |
| Unspecified | 12 | 0.20 | 2.71 (1.54-4.78) | 2.84 (1.61-5.01) |
| Eclampsia | NRb | NRb | NRb | NRb |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Overall | 40 | 0.10 | 1.34 (0.98-1.83) | 1.26 (0.92-1.72) |
| Pregestational hypertension | 18 | 0.11 | 1.48 (0.93-2.35) | 1.20 (0.75-1.91) |
| Gestational hypertension | 22 | 0.09 | 1.25 (0.82-1.90) | 1.31 (0.86-2.00) |
| Other types of RE | ||||
| No maternal HDP | 1436 | 0.04 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Maternal HDP | ||||
| Overall | 98 | 0.07 | 1.67 (1.36-2.04) | 1.60 (1.30-1.96) |
| Preeclampsia or eclampsia | ||||
| Overall | 71 | 0.07 | 1.72 (1.36-2.18) | 1.69 (1.33-2.15) |
| Preeclampsia | 71 | 0.07 | 1.74 (1.37-2.21) | 1.71 (1.34-2.18) |
| Moderate | 50 | 0.07 | 1.63 (1.23-2.16) | 1.68 (1.26-2.23) |
| Severe | 13 | 0.08 | 1.90 (1.10-3.29) | 1.63 (0.94-2.81) |
| HELLP syndrome | NRb | 0.16 | 3.53 (1.14-10.97) | 2.27 (0.73-7.06) |
| Unspecified | NRb | 0.08 | 1.99 (0.83-4.79) | 2.10 (0.87-5.05) |
| Eclampsia | NRb | NRb | NRb | NRb |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Overall | 27 | 0.07 | 1.53 (1.05-2.25) | 1.39 (0.95-2.03) |
| Pregestational hypertension | 13 | 0.08 | 1.77 (1.02-3.05) | 1.38 (0.80-2.39) |
| Gestational hypertension | 14 | 0.06 | 1.37 (0.81-2.31) | 1.39 (0.82-2.36) |
Abbreviations: HDP, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy; HELLP, hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme level, and low platelet count; NR, not reported; RE, refractive error.
a
Adjusted for calendar year, sex, singleton, parity, maternal age, maternal smoking, maternal cohabitation, maternal country of origin, maternal residence, maternal education duration, maternal income at birth, maternal prepregnancy body mass index, and parental RE before childbirth.
b
Not allowed to report when there were fewer than 6 cases due to data protection in Denmark.