Table 4.

Various natural and synthetic materials for generation of MSCs from PSCs. Several natural and synthetic materials have been utilized for efficient and effective differentiation of PSCs into MSCs. These materials strongly recapitulate the microenvironment in which MSCs reside in vivo, and therefore, provide a superior platform for MSC generation in in-vitro.

	Biomaterial	Method	Cells used	MSC properties	References
Natural biomaterials	Gelatin and collagen	One-step MSCs derivation method; gelatin and collagen are coated repeatedly for two passages over culture plates	miPSCs	CD73 is expressed; CD90 expression increases with passage, whereas CD105 expression decreases	(213)
	Gelatin	EB are formed for 7 days, and then they are cultured on 0.1% gelatin-coated plates for 2 weeks to attain confluency	hESCs	CD73 and Stro1 markers are expressed; MSCs are successfully differentiated into osteoblasts and adipocytes	(229, 230)
		iPSCs are cultured over 0.1% gelatin for 14 days in MSC medium	iPSCs	All major MSCs markers are expressed with stable passage capacity until 17 passages	(231)
		EBs formed are cultured in 1% gelatin-coated plates; some EBs attach and exhibit outgrowth; the unattached EBs are transferred to another 1% gelatin-coated plate in which MSC-like cells are formed in this culture.	hiPSCs	Both attached and transferred EBs form MSCs, which are termed as aiMSCs and tiMSCs, respectively. aiMSCs exhibit greater CD90 expression than tiMSCs. MSCs markers are expressed in the second passage	(232)
	Collagen type I	Collagen I is used to coat plates, PSCs are cultured over collagen, and repeated passaging is performed	iPSCs and hESCs	After the fourth passage, adult MSCs characteristics are gained; CD90, CD73, and CD105 are strongly expressed. Trilineage potential is observed, but with less adipogenic characteristics	(214)
	Collagen type-IV	EBs are cultured on collagen type IV-coated plate with growth factors to induce expressions of mesodermal and neuroepithelial cells, which are then converted into MSC-like cells in MSC medium for 1 month	hiPSCs	High expression of MSCs markers is observed; differences in paracrine factors can be seen	(233)
	Fibrin	Fibrin is used for differentiation, and both 2D and 3D environment are formed	hiPSCs	All MSCs markers are found; only adipogenic differentiation potential is found; 3D culture yields poorer results	(215)
	Fibronectin	ESC differentiates spontaneously and are then cultured in fibronectin-coated plates	hESCs	After 7 days, MSC markers are observed, isolation of MSCs from heterogeneous population is achieved; further passages generate mature MSCs with all surface markers and tri-lineage differentiation potential	(172)
Synthetic biomaterials	PMEDSAH	EBs formed from cells are cultured over PMEDSAH-coated plates and subsequently transferred to gelatin-coated plates for MSC generation	hiPSCs	CD90 markers are not observed; high adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic potentials are noted	(217)
	Polypeptide conjugated gold-coated plates	Integrin ligand-engineered plates are prepared; mesodermal differentiation medium supplemented with BMP4 is used	hESCs	After 48 h, mesodermal markers are observed: further downstream differentiation occurs	(220)