Table 3. UV-ARP Organic and Inorganice Treatment Studies Summarya.
| ref | compound class | [compound]0 (μM) | heterogeneous or homogeneous system | UV lamp | UV sensitizer | water characteristics | parent compound degradation % (time) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (102) | halogenated organic | 10 μM trichloroacetic acid | heterogeneous (TiO2) | LP-Hg 10 W | 4.0 mM formate | ultrapure water (pH 6.5; 23 °C) | 100% (150 min) |
| (45) | halogenated organic | 10 μM 4-bromophenol | homogeneous | LP-Hg 10 W | 1.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 9.2; 20 °C) | 100% (10 min) |
| (103) | halogenated organic | 20 μM 1,2-dichlororoethane | homogeneous | LP-Hg 36 W | 1.0 mM dithionite; 1.2 mM sulfite; 0.4 mM sulfide; 4.0 mM ferrous iron | ultrapure water (pH 11, 11, 9, 9; 25 °C) | 100% (varies) |
| (104) | halogenated organic | 10 μM decabromodiphenyl ethers | homogeneous | LP-Xe 50 W and LED | none | reaction performed in methanol | 90% (60 min) |
| (105) | halogenated organic | 10 μM MCAA | homogeneous | n.r. | 1.0 mM sulfite; 1.0 g L–1 bismuth oxyiodide | ultrapure water (pH 7; 25 °C) | 100% (20 min) |
| (57) | halogenated organic | 50 μM MCAA | homogeneous | LP-Hg 10 W | 1.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 9.2; 25 °C) | 100% (15 min) |
| (88) | halogenated organic | 50 μM MCAA | homogeneous | LP-Hg 15 W | 0.2 mM phenol | ultrapure water (pH 12; 25 °C) | 100% (6 min) |
| (60) | halogenated organic | 50 μM MCAA | homogeneous | LP-Hg 10 W | 1.0 mM sulfite; 0.1 mM iodide | ultrapure water (pH 9.2; 25 °C) | 100% (5 min) |
| (89) | halogenated organic | 50 μM MCAA | homogeneous | LP-Hg 10 W | 1.0 mM sulfite (UPW); 2.0 mM sulfite (river) | ultrapure water; Yangtze River, China (pH 9.2; 25 °C) | 100% (15 min in ultrapure water; 75 min in river water) |
| (106) | halogenated organic | 300 μM Diclofenac | homogeneous | LP-Hg (n.r. W) | 8.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 9.2; room temp) | 98% (30 min) |
| (107) | halogenated organic | 600 μM 2,4-dichlorophenol | homogeneous | LP-Hg (n.r. W) | 8.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 10; n.r °C) | 99.45% (40 min) |
| (39) | halogenated organic | 0.6 mg L–1 vinyl chloride | homogeneous | LP-Hg 36 W | 20 mg L–1 sodium dithionite; 12.5 mg L–1 sodium sulfite; 8.4 mg L–1 sodium hydrosulfide; 49 mg L–1 ferrous sulfate | ultrapure water (pH 3,7,10; n.r. °C) | varies |
| (108) | halogenated organic | 1 mg L–1 vinyl chloride | homogeneous | LP-Hg 36 W | 0.16 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 9; 34 °C) | 100% (90 min) |
| (109) | halogenated organic | 10 mg L–1 difluoroacetic acid | homogeneous | LP-Hg 8 W | 1.0 mg L–1 iodide | ultrapure water (pH 9; 20 °C) | n.r. |
| (110) | halogenated organic | 10 mg L–1 trichloroethylene | homogeneous | LP-Hg 36 W | 10.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 10; 20 °C) | 100% (60 min) |
| (46) | halogenated organic | 250 mg L–1 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol | homogeneous | LP-Hg (n.r. W) | 6.2 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 7; 20 °C) | 100% (80 min) |
| (111) | halogenated organic | 30 mg L–1 Acid Yellow 17 | homogeneous | LP-Hg 6 W | 1.5 mM dithionite | ultrapure water (pH 9; n.r. °C) | 90% (5 min) |
| (112) | halogenated organic | 5 mg L–1 tetrachloromethane | homogeneous | LP-Hg 14 W | 10.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 9; n.r. °C) | 100% (5 min) |
| (113) | halogenated organic | 50 mg L–1 pentachlorophenol | homogeneous | LP-Hg 16 W | 100 mg L–1 dithionite; 100 mg L–1 phenol | ultrapure water (pH 7; n.r. °C) | 96% (180 min) |
| (114) | halogenated organic | 2 μM iopamidol | homogeneous | LP-Hg 10 W | 0.5 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 7; 20 °C) | 80% (30 min) |
| (115) | organic | 21.16 μM carbamazepine | homogeneous | LP-Hg (n.r. W) | 1.6 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 8.4; room temp) | 100% (10 min) |
| (116) | organic | 30 μM dinitrotoluene | homogeneous | LP-Hg 10 W | 0.05 mM toluene | ultrapure water (pH 7.5; 25 °C) | 100% (20 min) |
| (20) | oxidized transition metal | 5 mg L–1 Cr(VI) | homogeneous | MP-Hg 300 W | 5.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 5–10.5; 20 °C) | 100% (20 min with pH 5) |
| (21) | oxidized nonmetal | 10 mg L–1 Se(VI) | heterogeneous (Fe(III) coagulation) | MP-Hg 300 W | 5.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 9.2; 20 °C) (HA DOM spike) | 99% (20 min without HA); 72% (20 min with HA) |
| (19) | oxyanion | 100 μM bromate | heterogeneous (Fe(II)–Ti(IV) LDH Nanoparticles) | LP-Hg 15 W | 0.5 g L–1 Fe(II)–Ti(IV) | tap water (pH 7; 25 °C) | 90% (1 h) |
| (16) | oxyanion | 4 μM bromate | homogeneous | LP-Hg 8 W; MP-Hg 150 W | varying sulfite | ultrapure water (pH varies; 26 °C) | 100% (varies) |
| (14) | oxyanion | 6.6 μM bromate | heterogeneous (superparamagnetic BiOCl) | LP-Hg 10 W | 4.0 mM formate | ultrapure water (pH 7; 25 °C) | 79% (15 min) |
| (117) | oxyanion | 10 μM bromate | homogeneous | LP-Hg 10 W | 1.0 mM sulfite/0.1 mM iodide | ultrapure water (pH 9.2; 20 °C) | 100% (5 min) |
| (15) | oxyanion | 39 μM bromate | homogeneous | LP-Hg 15 W | 0.78 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 9.8; n.r. °C) | 86% (4 h) |
| (18) | oxyanion | 100 μM bromate | homogeneous | LP-Hg 15 W; MP-Hg 100 W | 2.0 mM sulfur(IV) | ultrapure water; tap water (pH 9; 25 °C) | 82% (20 min in tap water); 99% (20 in ultrapure water) |
| (6) | oxyanion | 2.75 μM bromate | homogeneous | LP-Hg 36 W | 25.6 mg L–1 sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 7, n.r. °C) | 100% (125 min in LP) |
| (118) | oxyanion | 100 μM bromate | homogeneous | LP-Hg 10 W | 1.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 7; 23 °C) (HA DOM spike) | 20% (40 min) |
| (119) | oxyanion | 160 μM nitrate | homogeneous | LP-Hg 36 W | 8.4 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 9; 27 °C) | 100% (20 min) |
| (113) | oxyanion | 50 mg L–1 nitrate | homogeneous | LP-Hg 16 W | 100 mg L–1 dithionite; 100 mg L–1 phenol | ultrapure water (pH 7; n.r. °C) | 94% (180 min) |
| (11) | oxyanion | 50 mg L–1 nitrate | homogeneous | LP-Hg (n.r. W) (254 and 185 nm) | none | ultrapure water (pH 6; 25 °C) | 99% (80 min) |
| (120) | oxyanion | 2 μM nitrate | homogeneous | LP-Hg 9 W | 60 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 9.2; 25 °C) | 100% (90 min) |
| (12) | oxyanion | 100 μM perchlorate | homogeneous | LP-Hg 36 W | 11.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 11; n.r. °C) (SRHA DOM spike) | 10% (25 h, 50 mg/L SRHA) 80% (25 h, 0 mg/L SRHA) |
| (13) | oxyanion | 100 μM perchlorate | homogeneous | LP-Hg 36 W | 3.76 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 11; 30 °C) | 20% (10 h) |
| (64) | PFAS | 10 μM PFOS | homogeneous | LP-Hg 14 W | 2.0 mM nitrilotriacetic acid | ultrapure water (pH 10; 30 °C) | 85.4% (10 h) |
| (121) | PFAS | 20 μM PFOA | homogeneous | LP-Hg 15 W | 0.6 mM iodide | ultrapure water (pH 9.2; 20, 25, 40 °C) | 98% (6 h), 99% (6 h), 100% (6 h) |
| (28) | PFAS | 24 μM PFOA | heterogeneous (self-assembled micelle with cationic surfactant) | HP-Hg 500 W | 1.0 mM indoleacetic acid | ultrapure water (pH 4–8; 25 °C) | 90% (2.5 h) |
| (22) | PFAS | 25 μM PFOA | homogeneous | LP-Hg 15 W | 0.3 mM iodide | ultrapure water (pH 9; room temp) | 95% (6 h) |
| (122) | PFAS | 25 μM PFOA | homogeneous | LP-Hg 15 W | 0.25 mM iodide | ultrapure water (pH 5, 7, 10; n.r. °C) | 9.1% (2 h), 74.6% (2 h), 97.9% (2 h) |
| (123) | PFAS | 25 μM PFCA | homogeneous | LP-Hg 18 W | 10.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 12; 20 °C) | varies |
| (33) | PFAS | 25 μM PFCAs, PFSAs, fluorotelomers | homogeneous | LP- Hg 18 W | 10.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 12; 20 °C) | varies (4 h) |
| (78) | PFAS | 32 μM PFOS | homogeneous | HP-Hg 250 W | 10.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 9.2; 25 °C) | 98% (0.5 h) |
| (124) | PFAS | 37.2 μM PFOS | homogeneous | MP- Hg 500 W | none | ultrapure water (pH 7.4; 90 °C) | 90% (11 days) |
| (77) | PFAS | 38.7 μM PFOA | homogeneous | HP-Hg 250 W | 10.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 9.2; 25 °C) | 100% (10 min) |
| (25) | PFAS | 10 mg L–1 PFOA; 10 mg L–1 PFOS | heterogeneous (organo-montmorillonite) | LP-Hg 36 W | 1.0 mM 3-indoleacetic acid | ultrapure water (pH 3–11; 25 °C) | 100% (5 h) |
| (1) | PFAS | 10 mg L–1 PFOS, PFOA, PFHS, PFBS, PFHA, PFBA | homogeneous | LP-Hg 8 W | 10.0 mM iodide | ultrapure water (pH 6–8; n.r. °C) | 5–30% (150 min) |
| (34) | PFAS | Varying AFFF (15 PFAS) | homogeneous | LP-Hg 18 W | 10.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 9.5; 20 °C) | varies |
| (23) | PFAS | PFOA | homogeneous | LP-Hg 10 W | 10.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 10.3; 25 °C) | 100% (1 h) |
| (30) | PFAS | 25 μM PFCAs | homogeneous | LP-Hg 18 W | 10.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 9.5; 20 °C) | 100% (8–12 h) |
| (31) | PFAS | 25 μM PFECAs | homogeneous | LP-Hg 18 W | 10.0 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 9.5; 20 °C) | varies |
| (125) | PFAS | 30 μM PFOA | homogeneous | LP-Hg 14 W | 0.3 mM iodide | ultrapure water (pH 10; 25 °C) (HA DOM spike) | 67.5% (1.5 h) |
| (58) | PFAS | 30 μM PFOS | homogeneous | LP-Hg 14 W | 0.3 mM iodide | ultrapure water (pH 10; 25 °C) (HA DOM spike) | 86% (1.5 h) |
| (24) | PFAS | 37.2 μM PFOS | homogeneous | LP-Hg 10 W (254 and 185 nm) | 20 mM sulfite | ultrapure water (pH 10; 25 °C) (HA DOM spike) | 97.3% (4 h without HA); 85% (4 h with HA) |
| (27) | PFAS | 24 μM PFOA | heterogeneous (self-assembled micelle with cationic surfactant) | LP-Hg 36 W | 1.0 mM indole-acetic acid | ultrapure water (pH 6; 25 °C) (SRHA and SRFA DOM spike) | 100% (6 h) |
| (29) | PFAS | 24 μM PFOA | homogeneous | LP-Hg 36 W | 1.0 mM indole-3-acetic acid; 1.0 mM indole-1-acetic acid; 1.0 mM indole-3-carboxylic acid; 1.0 mM indole; 1.0 mM skatole; 1.0 mM donaxine | ultrapure water (pH 6; 25 °C) | 35.7% (8 h); 31.4% (8 h); 24.4% (8 h); 100% (8 h); 100% (8 h); 100% (8 h) |
| (26) | PFAS | 24.1 μM PFOA | heterogeneous (organo-montmorillonite) | LP-Hg 36 W | 1.0 mM 3-indole-acetic acid; 1.0 mM indole; 1.0 mM 3-indole-carboxylic acid; 1.0 mM 3-methylindole | ultrapure water (pH 6; 25 °C) (SRHA DOM spike) | 100% (5 or 8 h with DOM spike; 3-indole-acetic acid) |
a
n.r. is used to indicate if information was not reported by authors. UV sensitizer specified as “none” refers to vacuum UV studies.