TABLE 3.
Blood parameters.
| TRE (n = 10) | ND (n = 10) | 2-Way ANOVA Time–Diet [η2] | Time [η2] | Diet [η2] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | 2 Months | 12 Months | Pre | 2 Months | 12 Months | ||||
| Anabolic hormones | |||||||||
| Testosterone total (nmol·L−1) | 19.55 ± 6.35 | 15.83 ± 3.89* | 14.61 ± 0.63* | 18.21 ± 5.67 | 18.79 ± 4.94 | 18.97 ± 5.35 | 0.002 [0.29] | 0.028 [0.18] | 0.327 [0.05] |
| IGF-1 (ng·mL−1) | 219.70 ± 54.11 | 181.50 ± 30.19* | 183.60 ± 31.90* | 225.30 ± 36.77 | 227.60 ± 26.44*** | 223.20 ± 26.79*** | 0.039 [0.52] | 0.042 [0.16] | 0.021 [0.01] |
| TSH (mU·mL−1) | 1.30 ± 0.24 | 1.17 ± 0.44 | 1.25 ± 0.26 | 1.29 ± 0.17 | 1.29 ± 0.17 | 1.27 ± 0.19 | 0.479 [0.04] | 0.469 [0.04] | 0.661 [0.01] |
| T3 (ng·dL−1) | 83.10 ± 4.82 | 76.80 ± 10.26 | 81.60 ± 7.68 | 81.60 ± 4.35 | 82.00 ± 4.08 | 81.50 ± 4.67 | 0.153 [0.08] | 0.243 [0.10] | 0.553 [0.02] |
| Adipokines | |||||||||
| Adiponectin (μg·mL−1) | 11.84 ± 1.22 | 13.87 ± 1.97* | 14.33 ± 1.99* | 10.50 ± 1.08 | 10.79 ± 0.88*** | 10.80 ± 0.68*** | 0.001 [0.35] | <0.0001 [0.47] | <0.001 [0.57] |
| Adiponectin (μg·mL−1·kg−1 FM) | 1.38 ± 0.63 | 1.65 ± 0.54* | 1.82 ± 0.38* | 1.13 ± 0.41 | 1.18 ± 0.44 | 1.15 ± 0.44*** | 0.001 [0.22] | 0.003 [0.11] | 0.032 [0.51] |
| Leptin (ng·mL−1) | 2.27 ± 0.65 | 1.81 ± 0.53* | 1.63 ± 0.34* | 2.30 ± 0.47 | 2.36 ± 0.38*** | 2.54 ± 0.50*** | <0.001 [0.38] | 0.065 [0.14] | 0.017 [0.28] |
| Leptin (ng·mL−1·kg−1 FM) | 0.24 ± 0.07 | 0.21 ± 0.05 | 0.21 ± 0.06 | 0.25 ± 0.12 | 0.26 ± 0.05 | 0.26 ± 0.09 | 0.153 [0.23] | 0.163 [0.15] | 0.387 [0.51] |
| LAR | 0.20 ± 0.07 | 0.13 ± 0.05* | 0.12 ± 0.03* | 0.22 ± 0.04 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | <0.0001 [0.43] | 0.001 [0.30] | 0.001 [0.46] |
| Insulin sensitivity | |||||||||
| Glucose (mg·dL−1) | 95.10 ± 5.30 | 86.20 ± 5.47* | 86.50 ± 3.72* | 95.50 ± 4.33 | 95.60 ± 4.65*** | 96.20 ± 5.01*** | <0.0001 [0.57] | <0.0001 [0.53] | 0.004 [0.38] |
| Insulin (mU·mL−1) | 2.59 ± 0.41 | 1.87 ± 0.55* | 1.77 ± 0.37* | 2.48 ± 0.31 | 2.39 ± 0.45*** | 2.46 ± 0.38*** | <0.0001 [0.45] | <0.0001 [0.51] | 0.038 [0.22] |
| HOMA-IR | 0.61 ± 0.10 | 0.40 ± 0.13* | 0.38 ± 0.08* | 0.58 ± 0.08 | 0.57 ± 0.12*** | 0.58 ± 0.09*** | <0.0001 [0.56] | <0.0001 [0.60] | 0.097 [0.32] |
| Lipid profile | |||||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg·dL−1) | 194.90 ± 8.44 | 192.00 ± 11.08 | 187.80 ± 6.36 | 198.30 ± 13.28 | 197.00 ± 11.29 | 197.00 ± 6.62 | 0.289 [0.07] | 0.094 [0.12] | 0.144 [0.12] |
| HDL cholesterol (mg·dL−1) | 53.70 ± 2.67 | 57.40 ± 2.46* | 61.80 ± 3.97*,** | 53.60 ± 2.07 | 55.10 ± 2.23 | 54.20 ± 2.70*** | <0.001 [0.36] | <0.0001 [0.42] | <0.001 [0.54] |
| LDL cholesterol (mg·dL−1) | 118.30 ± 15.08 | 111.80 ± 11.53 | 107.00 ± 7.01* | 119.90 ± 11.01 | 117.50 ± 11.26 | 118.80 ± 5.33*** | 0.129 [0.11] | 0.046 [0.16] | 0.115 [0.13] |
| TG (mg·dL−1) | 123.20 ± 6.94 | 114.00 ± 9.88* | 97.10 ± 3.03*,** | 122.10 ± 11.06 | 118.00 ± 11.37 | 120.80 ± 8.02*** | <0.0001 [0.56] | <0.0001 [0.58] | 0.014 [0.29] |
| Inflammatory markers | |||||||||
| IL-6 (ng·L−1) | 1.40 ± 0.23 | 1.04 ± 0.20* | 1.01 ± 0.28* | 1.41 ± 0.40 | 1.33 ± 0.36 | 1.30 ± 0.28 | 0.038 [0.22] | <0.001 [0.21] | 0.970 [0.00] |
| IL-1β (ng·L−1) | 0.90 ± 0.18 | 0.78 ± 0.07 | 0.67 ± 0.11* | 0.90 ± 0.14 | 0.92 ± 0.11 | 0.96 ± 0.14*** | <0.001 [0.50] | 0.031 [0.27] | 0.004 [0.08] |
| TNF-α (ng·L−1) | 5.40 ± 0.81 | 4.93 ± 0.67 | 4.61 ± 0.63* | 5.53 ± 0.92 | 5.56 ± 0.78 | 5.34 ± 0.77 | 0.042 [0.27] | 0.002 [0.14] | 0.876 [0.00] |
Results are presented as mean ± SD.
*Statistically different from the Pre value (P < 0.05).
**Statistically different from the value at 2 months (P < 0.05).
***Statistically different from the TRE value (P < 0.05).