Table 2.
Prevalence of depressive symptoms by socio-demographic, gender role, health risk behaviour and peer-victimisation among male and female Thai adolescents
| Overall prevalence (95% CI) | Male (N= 857) 12.2% (9.5–13.9) | Female (N=1213) 16.5% (13.8–18.0) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Factor | % | OR | 95% CI | % | OR | 95% CI |
|
| ||||||
| Grade level | ||||||
| 7th- 9th | 11.3 | 1.14 | 0.69–1.87 | 15.2 | 1.16 | 0.77–1.74 |
| 10th- 12th | 13.6 | Ref | 17.5 | Ref | ||
| Parent’s education | ||||||
| None to primary | 12.7 | Ref | 16.1 | Ref | ||
| Secondary to lower vocational | 11.8 | 1.05 | 0.78–1.42 | 15.5 | 0.92 | 0.58–1.46 |
| Associate’s or higher | 11.5 | 0.77 | 0.42–1.34 | 20.5 | 1.26 | 0.79–2.00 |
| Daily expenses | ||||||
| 0–30 Baht | 7.7 | Ref | 10.8 | Ref | ||
| 31–100 Baht | 11.0 | 1.29 | 0.48–3.52 | 15.4 | 1.43 | 0.78–2.63 |
| More than 100 Baht | 18.4 | 2.31 | 0.74–7.20 | 23.9 | 2.90 | 1.46–5.77 |
| Part-time employment | ||||||
| Yes | 16.3 | 1.26 | 0.87–1.83 | 22.4 | 1.71 | 1.17–2.50 |
| No | 11.1 | Ref | 15.5 | Ref | ||
| Last term’s GPA | ||||||
| 3.0 or above | 6.2 | Ref | 13.0 | Ref | ||
| Below 3.0 | 14.5 | 2.78 | 1.80–4.31 | 19.8 | 1.60 | 1.19–2.16 |
| Gender role expression | ||||||
| Less manly/womanly | 16.7 | 1.05 | 0.46–2.40 | 26.1 | 2.10 | 1.30–3.34 |
| Equal or more manly/womanly | 11.9 | Ref | 15.3 | Ref | ||
| Frequency of cigarette smoking, current | ||||||
| More than 3 days per week* | 19.5 | 2.09 | 0.83–5.30 | -- | ||
| 1–3 days per week | 12.1 | 1.54 | 0.57–4.13 | 35.3 | 3.38 | 1.06–10.77 |
| Not once | 11.4 | Ref | 16.2 | Ref | ||
| Frequency of alcohol drinking, current | ||||||
| Weekly | 22.4 | 1.74 | 0.92–3.27 | 32.3 | ||
| Occasionally | 19.9 | 2.57 | 1.40–4.80 | 28.1 | 2.44 | 1.49–4.01 |
| Not once | 9.6 | Ref | 13.7 | Ref | ||
| Physically victimised, past month | ||||||
| 4 times or more | 11.9 | 1.77 | 1.41–3.78 | 26.0 | 2.87 | 1.96–4.20 |
| 1 to 3 times | 16.0 | 2.31 | 1.41–3.78 | 21.4 | 2.31 | 1.66–3.22 |
| Not once | 8.0 | Ref | 10.9 | Ref | ||
| Verbally victimised, past month | ||||||
| 4 times or more | 19.3 | 2.78 | 2.04–3.79 | 31.2 | 4.09 | 2.23–7.52 |
| 1 to 3 times | 12.9 | 1.90 | 1.20–3.03 | 19.8 | 2.07 | 1.41–3.06 |
| Not once | 8.8 | Ref | 10.0 | Ref | ||
| Socially victimised, past month | ||||||
| 4 times or more | 21.1 | 4.46 | 2.74–7.22 | 30.1 | 4.80 | 1.57–4.12 |
| 1 to 3 times | 16.5 | 3.20 | 1.82–5.63 | 17.8 | 2.54 | 1.57–4.12 |
| Not once | 6.4 | Ref | 8.5 | Ref | ||
| Sexually victimised, past month | ||||||
| 4 times or more | 25.6 | 4.18 | 2.42–7.22 | 33.1 | 4.44 | 2.52–7.82 |
| 1 to 3 times per month | 17.2 | 2.24 | 1.25–4.03 | 27.2 | 2.94 | 2.15–4.03 |
| Not once | 9.1 | Ref | 11.1 | Ref | ||
SE: Standard error, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, B: Thai baht;
*
Insufficient cell size for estimation