Table 2. Subgroup analysis of COVID+ Patients who developed systemic inflammatory response syndrome response.
ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, VA: venoarterial; VV: veno-venous; FiO2: fraction of inspired oxygen; PEEP: positive end expiratory pressure; SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome
| True SIRS (n=3) | Infection (n=7) | P-value | |
| Pre-ECMO demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 55.7 ± 7.2 | 56.4 ± 8.8 | 0.907 |
| Male | 3 (100%) | 4 (57%) | 0.175 |
| Body surface area (cm2) | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 0.599 |
| Body mass index | 33.3 ± 4.2 | 36.5 ± 9.3 | 0.692 |
| ECMO strategy | |||
| VA | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| VV | 3 (100%) | 7 (100%) | 1.000 |
| Length of ECMO (days) | 13.7 ± 6.0 | 23.7 ± 13.5 | 0.264 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Smoking history | 1 (33%) | 0 (0%) | 0.107 |
| Coronary artery disease | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1 (33%) | 1 (14%) | 0.490 |
| Pre-ECMO vital signs | |||
| Temperature (°F) | 99.9 ± 1.7 | 99.9 ± 1.6 | 1.000 |
| Heart rate | 98.3 ± 44.8 | 103.7 ± 22.7 | 0.799 |
| Respiratory rate | 30.3 ± 4.5 | 30.3 ± 6.8 | 1.000 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 81.7 ± 8.1 | 79.4 ± 20.4 | 0.859 |
| FiO2 (%) | 90.0 ± 17.3 | 94.3 ± 15.1 | 0.701 |
| PEEP (cm) | 14.0 ± 5.3 | 15.1 ± 3.0 | 0.679 |
| Pre-ECMO laboratory data | |||
| White blood cell count (B/L) | 16.8 ± 10.7 | 15.2 ± 7.9 | 0.796 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.642 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.499 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 47.3 ± 32.7 | 62.9 ± 31.8 | 0.500 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 50.3 ± 47.0 | 44.4 ± 24.8 | 0.795 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 0.271 |
| Pre-decannulation laboratory data | |||
| White blood cell count (B/L) | 14.7 ± 10.9 | 14.5 ± 4.6 | 0.967 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.617 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.003 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 42.7 ± 25.1 | 67.6 ± 27.0 | 0.211 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 39.7 ± 33.1 | 47.6 ± 28.8 | 0.712 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 0.222 |
| Complications during ECMO | |||
| Acute kidney injury | 0 (0%) | 2 (29%) | 0.301 |
| Acute liver failure | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Stroke | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Intracranial hemorrhage | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Cannula site bleed | 1 (33%) | 0 (0%) | 0.107 |
| GI hemorrhage | 0 (0%) | 1 (14%) | 0.490 |
| SIRS phenomenon | |||
| Fever 24 hours post-decannulation | 3 (100%) | 6 (86%) | 0.490 |
| Leukocytosis 24 hours post-decannulation | 1 (33%) | 2 (29%) | 0.880 |
| New infection | 0 (0%) | 4 (57%) | 0.091 |
| Vasopressor use | 1 (33%) | 5 (71%) | 0.259 |
| Outcomes | |||
| 30-day survival | 2 (66%) | 5 (71%) | 0.880 |