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. 2023 Mar 9;29(4):1017–1027. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02243-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 3 — (a) Maximally selected rank statistics identified that a Shannon diversity index value of 3.59 on day 1 of admission yielded the greatest separation of patients based on nosocomial infection-free survival. Patients with Shannon index above this cutoff (>3.59) were grouped as ‘high’ Shannon index, and those below cutoff (<3.59) were grouped as ‘low’ Shannon index. (b) Kaplan–Meier curve of nosocomial infection-free survival between patients with high Shannon diversity or low Shannon diversity as determined in (A). (c–e) Maximally selected rank statistics identified relative abundance values on day 1 of ICU admission of (C, top) Enterobacteriaceae, (D, top) Ruminococcaceae, and (E, top) Lachnospiraceae that yielded the greatest separation of patients based on nosocomial infection-free survival. Patients with relative abundance values above the cutoff were grouped as ‘high’, and those below cutoff were grouped as ‘low’ for each respective bacterial family. (Bottom panels) Kaplan–Meier curves of nosocomial infection-free survival between patients with high versus low relative abundance of (C, bottom) Enterobacteriaceae, (D, bottom) Ruminococcaceae, and (E, bottom) Lachnospiraceae. (f–h) Kaplan–Meier curves of nosocomial infection-free survival in patients stratified by the change in relative abundance between day 1 and 3 of ICU admission (increase vs decrease) of (F) Enterobacteriaceae, (G) Ruminococcaceae, and (H) Lachnospiraceae. Statistical analysis was performed using log-rank test, p values as shown.