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. 2023 Apr 17;29(4):950–962. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02268-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 5 — The figure displays brain expression patterns across the lifespan of the 2 significant PVS TWAS-COLOC genes from genome-wide significant PVS GWAS loci peaking in the pre-natal period (UMPS for WM-PVS and LAMC1 for HIP-PVS) (see Supplementary Table 4 for brain expression pattern across the lifespan of other genes). The spatio-temporal gene expression level is plotted as log2-transformed exon array signal intensity (y-axis) against the post conception days (x-axis) as provided by the Human Brain Transcriptome project database. Periods of human development and adulthood are indicated by vertical dashed lines: 4-8 post conception weeks [PCW] (period 1), 8-10 PCW (period 2), 10-13 PCW (period 3), 13-16 PCW (period 4), 16-19 PCW (period 5), 19-24 PCW (period 6), 24-38 PCW (period 7), birth-6 postnatal months (period 8), 6-12 postnatal months (period 9), 1-6 years (period 10), 6-12 years (period 11), 12-20 years (period 12), 20-40 years (period 13), 40-60 years (period 14), and 60 years + (period 15). The boundary between pre- and postnatal periods is indicated by the solid vertical line. Each colored point represents the expression level of each gene across 16 anatomical brain regions and ages. Brain structure includes 11 neocortical areas (NCX, blue), and 5 subcortical regions: hippocampus (HIP, cyan), amygdala (AMY, orange), striatum (STR, black), mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus (MD, dark green), and cerebellar cortex (CBC, red). Neocortical areas include orbital prefrontal cortex (OFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VFC), medial prefrontal cortex (MFC), primary motor cortex (M1C), primary somatosensory cortex (S1C), posterior inferior parietal cortex (IPC), primary auditory cortex (A1C), posterior superior temporal cortex (STC), inferior temporal cortex (ITC), and primary visual cortex (V1C).